Muslims believe that the Shema teaches that God is a singular Person and does not support the concept of the Trinity.

The Shema, which states 'Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one' (Deuteronomy 6:4), is often cited by Muslims to argue that God is a singular entity. However, this interpretation overlooks the broader biblical context that reveals God as a multi-Personal being. The New Testament provides numerous references that illustrate the distinct roles and personhood of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, affirming the binitarian nature of God. For instance, in 2 Corinthians 3:17-18, the Apostle Paul identifies the Holy Spirit as 'the Lord,' indicating that the Spirit shares in the divine identity and authority. Furthermore, the Book of Acts illustrates the active role of the Holy Spirit in guiding and commanding the early Church, which further supports the understanding of the Spirit as a distinct Person within the Godhead. Additionally, the Christian doctrine of the Trinity does not contradict the Shema; rather, it expands upon the understanding of God's nature. By recognizing that God exists as three distinct Persons who are each fully God, Christians can affirm the unity of God while also acknowledging the distinct roles of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This understanding is consistent with the entirety of Scripture, which reveals a complex and relational God who interacts with humanity in various ways.