Muhammad was illiterate and therefore could not have produced the Quran.

The assertion that Muhammad was illiterate is challenged by various verses in the Quran that command him to read. For instance, S. 96:1-4 explicitly instructs Muhammad to read in the name of his Lord, indicating he was expected to engage with written material. Additionally, S. 87:6 states that Allah will make Muhammad read the Quran so that he won't forget it, further implying that he had the capacity to read. Other verses, such as S. 16:98 and S. 17:45, reinforce this notion by indicating that he was to read the Quran, which would not be necessary if he were truly illiterate. Furthermore, S. 25:4-5 acknowledges that others accused Muhammad of writing down tales, which suggests that he had access to written documents. Taken together, these verses strongly indicate that Muhammad was not illiterate and had the ability to read and write, thus undermining the claim that he could not have produced the Quran.