Apologia Library

How Unitarian Logic Proves the Father Cannot be God

Theological Issues1,504 words8 min

Illustrating how the Anti-Trinitarian logic Ends up proving that the Father can’t be God! Sam Shamoun Some anti-Trinitarian heretics of the unitarian…

Elohim and the Trinity

Theological Issues1,370 words7 min

Does Elohim Provide Evidence For God’s Uni-Plurality? Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Elohim is the most commonly used word for God in the Hebrew Bible, more so…

Biblical Monotheism Examined

Theological Issues3,688 words18 min

Biblical Monotheism Examined [Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6, Part 7, Part 8, Part 9, Part 10, Part 11] [Appendix A, Appendix B]…

The OT Witness to the Divine Personhood of the Spirit

Theological Issues1,152 words6 min

Scholarly Confirmation that the OT Testifies To the Spirit’s Divine Personhood Sam Shamoun The following is taken from the _Holman Old Testament…

The Issue of God Praying According to the 3 Abrahamic Faiths

Theological Issues3,292 words16 min

Revisiting the Issue of Jesus Praying to and Worshiping God Sam Shamoun Despite the fact that in the following articles and rebuttals, If Jesus is…

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam [Part 1]

Theological Issues5,208 words26 min

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam Pt. 1 The Nations shall Worship Yahweh and his Messianic King Sam Shamoun Introduction Muslim apologists are…

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam [Part 2]

Theological Issues2,861 words14 min

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam Pt. 2 The Messiah’s Exalted Status Sam Shamoun In this part (for Part 1 please click here) we are going to…

Does God Command Men To Avoid Women In Order To Be Saved?

Theological Issues8,071 words40 min

Does the Bible Really Teach That Men Must Avoid Women In Order To Avoid Hell? Sam Shamoun A Muslim greenhorn has decided to rehash an old Muslim…

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 1

Theological Issues1,524 words8 min

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this series of replies, we are going to address the following article which has to do with Muhammad…

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 2

Theological Issues2,983 words15 min

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume with our rebuttal. The writer proceeds to make a further erroneous claim by asserting that the…

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 3

Theological Issues2,359 words12 min

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off by providing further evidence that, contrary to the writer’s…

Allah of the Arabic Bible versus the Ilah of Islam

Theological Issues8,133 words41 min

The Arabic Bible – Islam’s Friend or Foe? Sam Shamoun The pagan origins of the Islamic god It is no secret to those who have studied the history and…

Who really is Muhammad’s Allah?

Theological Issues1,288 words6 min

Who really is Muhammad’s Allah? Sam Shamoun This is going to be a rather short post. According to the Quran, Allah is the best of all deceivers, But…

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah [Part 1]

Theological Issues5,922 words30 min

Revisiting the Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Muslim polemicists seemingly never tire of misrepresenting the arguments…

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Part 2]

Theological Issues6,335 words32 min

Revisiting the Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion concerning the identity of the pre-Islamic Allah…

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Part 3]

Theological Issues3,196 words16 min

Revisiting the Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We now come to the final part of our analysis. Is Muhammad’s Allah the…

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Addendum]

Theological Issues3,830 words19 min

Revisiting the Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca Addendum – Refuting Some Muslim Objections Sam Shamoun In this particular section, we will…

Responding to a Muslim Apologist's Critique of the Trinity, Divine Love, and God as the Greatest Conceivable Being

Theological Issues10,227 words51 min

The Triune God – The Greatest Conceivable Being that Exists Sam Shamoun Evangelical Christian apologist and philosopher Dr. William Lane Craig…

The Old Testament on Vicarious Sacrifices

Theological Issues9,643 words48 min

I Desire Mercy Not Sacrifice? What The OT Really Teaches Concerning Vicarious Sacrifices Sam Shamoun Muslims oftentimes appeal to certain biblical…

Salvation According to Christianity and Islam

Theological Issues5,084 words25 min

Salvation According to Christianity and Islam Sam Shamoun The Quran exhorts Jews and Christians to judge by all the revelation which God had given…

How Were the Ninevites Really Saved?

Theological Issues2,893 words14 min

How Were the Ninevites Really Saved? Sam Shamoun In a desperate attempt to undermine the centrality and necessity of substitutionary atonement for…

Atonement in Luke-Acts – One Scholar’s Perspective

Theological Issues1,398 words7 min

Atonement in Luke-Acts – One Scholar’s Perspective Sam Shamoun We are currently writing a multi-part response to the assertion of certain Muslin…

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 1

Theological Issues3,201 words16 min

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun There are some Muslims who love to appeal to the parable of the prodigal son in…

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 2

Theological Issues1,699 words8 min

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun In this section we will take a look at how Luke identifies Christ as the Suffering…

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 1

Theological Issues2,164 words11 min

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 1 A Muslim Perspective Sam Shamoun The Quran expressly teaches that Allah purposely created men (as well as…

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 2

Theological Issues3,650 words18 min

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 2 A Christian Perspective Sam Shamoun In this part of our discussion we are going to contrast what the Quran…

Exegesis of Matthew 25:41

Theological Issues1,842 words9 min

Exegesis of Matthew 25:41 Sam Shamoun In this short article we will be quoting from various sources, both ancient and modern, concerning the meaning…

The Old Testament on God Becoming a Man

Theological Issues7,079 words35 min

The Testimony of the Hebrew Bible concerning God becoming a man Exposing the blatant distortion of Biblical Truth Sam Shamoun In this paper we will…

The Gods of Israel have come down to save!

Theological Issues4,013 words20 min

The Gods of Israel have come down to save! More OT Evidence for a multi-personal God Sam Shamoun According to the Hebrew Scriptures, Israel’s Gods…

The Trinity in Isaiah [Part 1]

Theological Issues6,744 words34 min

Yahweh as the Sent One from Yahweh Examining the Trinitarian Implications of Isaiah 48:16 Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Throughout the Holy Scriptures God…

The Trinity in Isaiah [Part 2]

Theological Issues4,927 words25 min

Yahweh as the Sent One from Yahweh Examining the Trinitarian Implications of Isaiah 48:16 Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion of Isaiah 48:16.…

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah is Equal to God the Father [Part 1]

Theological Issues3,718 words19 min

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah Is Equal to God the Father! Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this article, we are going to provide more evidence from…

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah is Equal to God the Father [Part 2]

Theological Issues5,706 words29 min

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah Is Equal to God the Father! Pt. 2 What the Commentators, Scholars, and Apologists Are Saying Sam Shamoun As…

Binitarianism in the Book of Isaiah

Theological Issues6,129 words31 min

Divine Perichoresis in the Book of Isaiah More OT Confirmation of NT Theology Sam Shamoun The word _perichoresis_ is a theological term used to refer…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 1]

Theological Issues5,409 words27 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun The OT Scriptures clearly and emphatically teach…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 2]

Theological Issues3,520 words18 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue where we left off. The Messiah as…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 3]

Theological Issues5,186 words26 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We continue with our analysis of the _Shema_ in…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 4]

Theological Issues6,491 words32 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 4 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion regarding the Biblical…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 5]

Theological Issues4,695 words23 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 5 Sam Shamoun We continue with our discussion of the binitarian…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 6]

Theological Issues5,029 words25 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 6 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion by analyzing what the…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 7]

Theological Issues6,835 words34 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 7 Sam Shamoun And now we come to the final part of our series.…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Appendix A]

Theological Issues5,453 words27 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Appendix A – What about the Holy Spirit? Sam Shamoun Some readers…

The Christianization of the OT Shema

Theological Issues6,451 words32 min

The Christianization of the Shema An analysis of how the NT expands upon an OT monotheistic text In order to include Jesus within God’s unique…

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Part 1]

Theological Issues3,603 words18 min

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun The Gospel of John is quite explicit in affirming that there is only one God: “How can…

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Part 2]

Theological Issues2,424 words12 min

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We come to the final part of our examination. The final line of evidence which…

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Addendum]

Theological Issues1,975 words10 min

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God Addendum Jesus as the true God in 1 John 5:20 Sam Shamoun Here are the links to the previous parts of the…

The Early Church on Genesis 19:24

Theological Issues6,942 words35 min

The Early Christian Writings on Genesis 19:24 Sam Shamoun The following is a list of quotations from early Christian writers who used Genesis 19:24…

The Early Church on the Trinity and Deity of Christ

Theological Issues6,036 words30 min

The Early Post-NT Witness to the Trinity and Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun The following quotations are all taken from sources that were written either…

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality [Part 1]

Theological Issues8,553 words43 min

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Introduction With this article we begin a new series where we will cull through and…

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality [Part 2]

Theological Issues2,670 words13 min

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue our analysis of the extant non-canonical Jewish writings to see what the…

Articles by Sam Shamoun

Theological Issues

How Unitarian Logic Proves the Father Cannot be God

Elohim and the Trinity

Biblical Monotheism Examined

The OT Witness to the Divine Personhood of the Spirit

The Issue of God Praying According to the 3 Abrahamic Faiths

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam [Part 1]

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam [Part 2]

Does God Command Men To Avoid Women In Order To Be Saved?

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 1

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 2

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 3

Allah of the Arabic Bible versus the Ilah of Islam

Who really is Muhammad’s Allah?

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah [Part 1]

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Part 2]

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Part 3]

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Addendum]

Responding to a Muslim Apologist's Critique of the Trinity, Divine Love, and God as the Greatest Conceivable Being

The Old Testament on Vicarious Sacrifices

Salvation According to Christianity and Islam

How Were the Ninevites Really Saved?

Atonement in Luke-Acts – One Scholar’s Perspective

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 1

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 2

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 1

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 2

Exegesis of Matthew 25:41

The Old Testament on God Becoming a Man

The Gods of Israel have come down to save!

The Trinity in Isaiah [Part 1]

The Trinity in Isaiah [Part 2]

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah is Equal to God the Father [Part 1]

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah is Equal to God the Father [Part 2]

Binitarianism in the Book of Isaiah

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 1]

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 2]

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 3]

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 4]

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 5]

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 6]

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 7]

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Appendix A]

The Christianization of the OT Shema

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Part 1]

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Part 2]

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Addendum]

The Early Church on Genesis 19:24

The Early Church on the Trinity and Deity of Christ

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality [Part 1]

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality [Part 2]

Articles by Sam Shamoun

Theological Issues

How Unitarian Logic Proves the Father Cannot be God

Elohim and the Trinity

Biblical Monotheism Examined

The OT Witness to the Divine Personhood of the Spirit

The Issue of God Praying According to the 3 Abrahamic Faiths

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam [Part 1]

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam [Part 2]

Does God Command Men To Avoid Women In Order To Be Saved?

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 1

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 2

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 3

Allah of the Arabic Bible versus the Ilah of Islam

Who really is Muhammad’s Allah?

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah [Part 1]

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Part 2]

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Part 3]

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Addendum]

Responding to a Muslim Apologist's Critique of the Trinity, Divine Love, and God as the Greatest Conceivable Being

The Old Testament on Vicarious Sacrifices

Salvation According to Christianity and Islam

How Were the Ninevites Really Saved?

Atonement in Luke-Acts – One Scholar’s Perspective

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 1

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 2

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 1

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 2