Apologia Library

Islam and Monotheism: Reassessing Muslim Claims Regarding the Absolute Worship and Unity of Allah

Theological Issues13,242 words66 min

Islam and Monotheism Reassessing Muslim Claims Regarding the Absolute Worship and Unity of Allah Sam Shamoun Muslims often boast that they have the…

The Muslim Criteria For God

Theological Issues10,324 words52 min

The Muslim Criteria For God How the Lord Jesus passes and Allah fails the Islamic Test for Deity Sam Shamoun Introduction Muslims have produced a…

On Serving Others Besides Allah — The Hypocrisy and Blasphemy of Islam

Theological Issues5,588 words28 min

On Serving Others Besides Allah The Hypocrisy and Blasphemy of Islam Sam Shamoun Introduction The Quran makes several assertions concerning the…

On Serving Others Besides Allah — The Hypocrisy and Blasphemy of Islam

Theological Issues10,109 words51 min

On Serving Others Besides Allah The Hypocrisy and Blasphemy of Islam Sam Shamoun In this second section (cf. Part 1) we will examine specific reports…

On Serving Others Besides Allah — The Hypocrisy and Blasphemy of Islam

Theological Issues6,195 words31 min

On Serving Others Besides Allah The Hypocrisy and Blasphemy of Islam Sam Shamoun This is a continuation of our series (Part 1, Part 2) concerning the…

Allah's Guessing Game -- Is Allah an All-Knowing God?

Theological Issues7,862 words39 min

Allah's Guessing Game Is Allah an All-Knowing God? Sam Shamoun Muslims often criticize the biblical portrayal of God. For instance, Muslims take…

Allah's Imperfection and Mutability

Theological Issues2,015 words10 min

Allah's Imperfection and Mutability Sam Shamoun Perfection is a necessary attribute of God since it directly ties in with God being a self-sufficient…

Allah’s Omnipotence and the Impossibility of the Incarnation

Theological Issues4,429 words22 min

Allah’s Omnipotence and the Incarnation Sam Shamoun The Quran repeatedly asserts that Allah is able to do everything and that he has power over all…

Is Allah the God of the Bible?

Theological Issues9,948 words50 min

IS ALLAH THE GOD OF BIBLE? Sam Shamoun This study examines the crucial question that needs to be addressed which is whether the God presented in the…

Allah’s Oaths

Theological Issues6,037 words30 min

Allah’s Oaths Sam Shamoun The following has been adapted, modified, and enlarged from some of my papers and responses, specifically from these two:…

Allah’s Pride

Theological Issues1,573 words8 min

Allah’s Pride Sam Shamoun One of the names given to Allah in the Quran is "the Most Proud": > He is the One GOD; there is no other god beside Him.…

Allah as a Deceiver: Examining Satan’s Accusations Against the Integrity of Allah

Theological Issues2,567 words13 min

Allah as a Deceiver Examining Satan’s Accusations Against the Integrity of Allah Sam Shamoun In several articles (1, 2, 3, 4) we have made mention…

Allah – The Greatest Deceiver of them All

Theological Issues3,947 words20 min

Allah – The Greatest Deceiver of them All Sam Shamoun The Quran describes Allah as the best deceiver there is, a liar who is not above using the same…

The (In)Justice of Allah Examined

Theological Issues1,581 words8 min

The (In)Justice of Allah Examined Sam Shamoun The Quran says that Allah will judge everyone righteously, that no soul will ever be dealt with in an…

Allah - An Immaterial Entity or an Invisible Man?

Theological Issues7,512 words38 min

ALLAH - AN IMMATERIAL ENTITY OR AN INVISIBLE MAN? Sam Shamoun A common point of disagreement between Muslims and Christians is the Christian belief…

Allah: An Exalted Woman? Examining the Issue of Allah’s Veil

Theological Issues2,125 words11 min

Allah: An Exalted Woman? Examining the Issue of Allah’s Veil Sam Shamoun In some of our previous articles (1; 2; 3; see also this article) we looked…

The Annihilation of Allah

Theological Issues1,067 words5 min

The Annihilation of Allah A Question and Challenge to Salafi Anthropomorphists Sam Shamoun In many places the Quran ascribes certain physical…

Can Allah be seen and did Muhammad see his Lord?

Theological Issues3,890 words19 min

Can Allah be seen and did Muhammad see his Lord? Sam Shamoun The Quran suggests that Muhammad saw Allah, that he had a vision in which Allah appeared…

The Uncreatedness of the Quran and the Unity of Allah: A Brief Critique of Islamic Monotheism

Theological Issues2,582 words13 min

The Uncreatedness of the Quran and the Unity of Allah: A Brief Critique of Islamic Monotheism Sam Shamoun In two earlier articles (1, 2) we already…

The Quran’s many Gods and Lords: An Analysis of the Worship given to

Theological Issues9,937 words50 min

The Quran’s many Gods and Lords An Analysis of the Worship given to And Deification of Creatures within the Islamic Text Sam Shamoun Introduction…

Does Yahweh Really Deceive?

Theological Issues6,629 words33 min

Does Yahweh Really Deceive? Sam Shamoun The Quran clearly teaches, both implicitly and explicitly, that Allah is a deceiver, and even brags that he…

Allah as the Inheritor of Creation: More Problems with Islamic Monotheism

Theological Issues1,085 words5 min

Allah as the Inheritor of Creation More Problems with Islamic Monotheism Sam Shamoun One of the main criticisms which Muslims raise against the Deity…

Plurality in the Old Testament

Theological Issues4,895 words24 min

Plurality in the Old Testament An Examination of God’s Uniplurality in light the Hebrew Bible’s Use of Plurals Sam Shamoun In several articles and…

Plurality in the Old Testament

Theological Issues9,078 words45 min

Plurality in the Old Testament Sam Shamoun We now move into the second part of our discussion where we take a look at specific texts which refer to…

Isaiah 6 and its Trinitarian Implications

Theological Issues5,094 words25 min

A Look at Isaiah 6 and its Trinitarian Implications Sam Shamoun Isaiah chapter 6 is a passage packed with rich theological truths, providing clear…

The Aaronic Blessing – A Trinitarian Invocation

Theological Issues7,331 words37 min

The Aaronic Priestly Blessing – A Trinitarian Invocation Sam Shamoun The readers of A-I may well know that we have written many articles seeking to…

The Heavenly Tabernacle: The Dwelling Place of the Triune God

Theological Issues9,858 words49 min

The Heavenly Tabernacle: The Dwelling Place of the Triune God Sam Shamoun We read in the Hebrew Scriptures that God commissioned Moses to design a…

Eusebius and the Trinitarian Baptismal Formula: Exposing Jamal Badawi’s Desperate Tirade Against the Trinity

Theological Issues3,294 words16 min

Eusebius and the Trinitarian Baptismal Formula Exposing Jamal Badawi’s Desperate Tirade Against the Trinity Sam Shamoun In two previous articles (1,…

The Quran, Allah and Plurality Issues

Theological Issues9,295 words46 min

The Quran, Allah and Plurality Issues Sam Shamoun The Quran, much like the Holy Bible, uses plural pronouns for God even more so than what we find in…

The Unintelligibility and Incompleteness of the Quran : As-Samad

Theological Issues3,904 words20 min

Quran’s Incoherence and Unintelligibility The Issue of the Quran’s Teaching on Islamic Monotheism Sam Shamoun Surah 112 is one of the most important…

Monotheism vs. Eloquence of the Quran

Theological Issues3,848 words19 min

Is Allah really one or only "one of"? Monotheism vs. Eloquence of the Quran Sam Shamoun We read in the Quran regarding Allah’s unity: > Say: 'He is…

Is the Quran An Implicit Endorsement and Continuation of Arab Paganism?

Theological Issues6,923 words35 min

Is the Quran An Implicit Endorsement and Continuation of Arab Paganism? Sam Shamoun Historical and cultural Background The Holy Bible clearly…

How Unitarian Logic Proves the Father Cannot be God

Theological Issues1,504 words8 min

Illustrating how the Anti-Trinitarian logic Ends up proving that the Father can’t be God! Sam Shamoun Some anti-Trinitarian heretics of the unitarian…

Elohim and the Trinity

Theological Issues1,370 words7 min

Does Elohim Provide Evidence For God’s Uni-Plurality? Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Elohim is the most commonly used word for God in the Hebrew Bible, more so…

Biblical Monotheism Examined

Theological Issues3,688 words18 min

Biblical Monotheism Examined [Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6, Part 7, Part 8, Part 9, Part 10, Part 11] [Appendix A, Appendix B]…

The OT Witness to the Divine Personhood of the Spirit

Theological Issues1,152 words6 min

Scholarly Confirmation that the OT Testifies To the Spirit’s Divine Personhood Sam Shamoun The following is taken from the _Holman Old Testament…

The Issue of God Praying According to the 3 Abrahamic Faiths

Theological Issues3,292 words16 min

Revisiting the Issue of Jesus Praying to and Worshiping God Sam Shamoun Despite the fact that in the following articles and rebuttals, If Jesus is…

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam [Part 1]

Theological Issues5,208 words26 min

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam Pt. 1 The Nations shall Worship Yahweh and his Messianic King Sam Shamoun Introduction Muslim apologists are…

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam [Part 2]

Theological Issues2,861 words14 min

How the Hebrew Bible Falsifies Islam Pt. 2 The Messiah’s Exalted Status Sam Shamoun In this part (for Part 1 please click here) we are going to…

Does God Command Men To Avoid Women In Order To Be Saved?

Theological Issues8,071 words40 min

Does the Bible Really Teach That Men Must Avoid Women In Order To Avoid Hell? Sam Shamoun A Muslim greenhorn has decided to rehash an old Muslim…

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 1

Theological Issues1,524 words8 min

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this series of replies, we are going to address the following article which has to do with Muhammad…

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 2

Theological Issues2,983 words15 min

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume with our rebuttal. The writer proceeds to make a further erroneous claim by asserting that the…

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 3

Theological Issues2,359 words12 min

Did Muhammad Know Yahweh? Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off by providing further evidence that, contrary to the writer’s…

Allah of the Arabic Bible versus the Ilah of Islam

Theological Issues8,133 words41 min

The Arabic Bible – Islam’s Friend or Foe? Sam Shamoun The pagan origins of the Islamic god It is no secret to those who have studied the history and…

Who really is Muhammad’s Allah?

Theological Issues1,288 words6 min

Who really is Muhammad’s Allah? Sam Shamoun This is going to be a rather short post. According to the Quran, Allah is the best of all deceivers, But…

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah [Part 1]

Theological Issues5,922 words30 min

Revisiting the Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Muslim polemicists seemingly never tire of misrepresenting the arguments…

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Part 2]

Theological Issues6,335 words32 min

Revisiting the Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion concerning the identity of the pre-Islamic Allah…

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Part 3]

Theological Issues3,196 words16 min

Revisiting the Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We now come to the final part of our analysis. Is Muhammad’s Allah the…

The Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca [Addendum]

Theological Issues3,830 words19 min

Revisiting the Identity of the pre-Islamic Allah at Mecca Addendum – Refuting Some Muslim Objections Sam Shamoun In this particular section, we will…

Responding to a Muslim Apologist's Critique of the Trinity, Divine Love, and God as the Greatest Conceivable Being

Theological Issues10,227 words51 min

The Triune God – The Greatest Conceivable Being that Exists Sam Shamoun Evangelical Christian apologist and philosopher Dr. William Lane Craig…

The Old Testament on Vicarious Sacrifices

Theological Issues9,643 words48 min

I Desire Mercy Not Sacrifice? What The OT Really Teaches Concerning Vicarious Sacrifices Sam Shamoun Muslims oftentimes appeal to certain biblical…

Salvation According to Christianity and Islam

Theological Issues5,084 words25 min

Salvation According to Christianity and Islam Sam Shamoun The Quran exhorts Jews and Christians to judge by all the revelation which God had given…

How Were the Ninevites Really Saved?

Theological Issues2,893 words14 min

How Were the Ninevites Really Saved? Sam Shamoun In a desperate attempt to undermine the centrality and necessity of substitutionary atonement for…

Atonement in Luke-Acts – One Scholar’s Perspective

Theological Issues1,398 words7 min

Atonement in Luke-Acts – One Scholar’s Perspective Sam Shamoun We are currently writing a multi-part response to the assertion of certain Muslin…

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 1

Theological Issues3,201 words16 min

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun There are some Muslims who love to appeal to the parable of the prodigal son in…

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 2

Theological Issues1,699 words8 min

The Message of Salvation according to Luke-Acts Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun In this section we will take a look at how Luke identifies Christ as the Suffering…

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 1

Theological Issues2,164 words11 min

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 1 A Muslim Perspective Sam Shamoun The Quran expressly teaches that Allah purposely created men (as well as…

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 2

Theological Issues3,650 words18 min

The Creation and Purpose of Hell Pt. 2 A Christian Perspective Sam Shamoun In this part of our discussion we are going to contrast what the Quran…

Exegesis of Matthew 25:41

Theological Issues1,842 words9 min

Exegesis of Matthew 25:41 Sam Shamoun In this short article we will be quoting from various sources, both ancient and modern, concerning the meaning…

The Old Testament on God Becoming a Man

Theological Issues7,079 words35 min

The Testimony of the Hebrew Bible concerning God becoming a man Exposing the blatant distortion of Biblical Truth Sam Shamoun In this paper we will…

The Gods of Israel have come down to save!

Theological Issues4,013 words20 min

The Gods of Israel have come down to save! More OT Evidence for a multi-personal God Sam Shamoun According to the Hebrew Scriptures, Israel’s Gods…

The Trinity in Isaiah [Part 1]

Theological Issues6,744 words34 min

Yahweh as the Sent One from Yahweh Examining the Trinitarian Implications of Isaiah 48:16 Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Throughout the Holy Scriptures God…

The Trinity in Isaiah [Part 2]

Theological Issues4,927 words25 min

Yahweh as the Sent One from Yahweh Examining the Trinitarian Implications of Isaiah 48:16 Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion of Isaiah 48:16.…

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah is Equal to God the Father [Part 1]

Theological Issues3,718 words19 min

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah Is Equal to God the Father! Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this article, we are going to provide more evidence from…

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah is Equal to God the Father [Part 2]

Theological Issues5,706 words29 min

The OT Prophets Testify that the Messiah Is Equal to God the Father! Pt. 2 What the Commentators, Scholars, and Apologists Are Saying Sam Shamoun As…

Binitarianism in the Book of Isaiah

Theological Issues6,129 words31 min

Divine Perichoresis in the Book of Isaiah More OT Confirmation of NT Theology Sam Shamoun The word _perichoresis_ is a theological term used to refer…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 1]

Theological Issues5,409 words27 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun The OT Scriptures clearly and emphatically teach…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 2]

Theological Issues3,520 words18 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue where we left off. The Messiah as…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 3]

Theological Issues5,186 words26 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We continue with our analysis of the _Shema_ in…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 4]

Theological Issues6,491 words32 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 4 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion regarding the Biblical…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 5]

Theological Issues4,695 words23 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 5 Sam Shamoun We continue with our discussion of the binitarian…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 6]

Theological Issues5,029 words25 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 6 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion by analyzing what the…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Part 7]

Theological Issues6,835 words34 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Pt. 7 Sam Shamoun And now we come to the final part of our series.…

The Binitarian Nature of the Shema [Appendix A]

Theological Issues5,453 words27 min

The Binitarian Nature of the Holy Bible’s supreme proof text for the unity of God Appendix A – What about the Holy Spirit? Sam Shamoun Some readers…

The Christianization of the OT Shema

Theological Issues6,451 words32 min

The Christianization of the Shema An analysis of how the NT expands upon an OT monotheistic text In order to include Jesus within God’s unique…

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Part 1]

Theological Issues3,603 words18 min

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun The Gospel of John is quite explicit in affirming that there is only one God: “How can…

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Part 2]

Theological Issues2,424 words12 min

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We come to the final part of our examination. The final line of evidence which…

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God [Addendum]

Theological Issues1,975 words10 min

Unveiling the Identity of the Only True God Addendum Jesus as the true God in 1 John 5:20 Sam Shamoun Here are the links to the previous parts of the…

The Early Church on Genesis 19:24

Theological Issues6,942 words35 min

The Early Christian Writings on Genesis 19:24 Sam Shamoun The following is a list of quotations from early Christian writers who used Genesis 19:24…

The Early Church on the Trinity and Deity of Christ

Theological Issues6,036 words30 min

The Early Post-NT Witness to the Trinity and Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun The following quotations are all taken from sources that were written either…

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality [Part 1]

Theological Issues8,553 words43 min

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Introduction With this article we begin a new series where we will cull through and…

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality [Part 2]

Theological Issues2,670 words13 min

Early Jewish Monotheism and Divine Plurality Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue our analysis of the extant non-canonical Jewish writings to see what the…

Is the Father God?

Theological Issues4,184 words21 min

Is the Father God? How Anti-Trinitarian Arguments Prove too Much! Sam Shamoun Muslims are challenging Christians over and over again to show them…

Revisiting the Quran's Gross Error on Christian Doctrine

Theological Issues3,147 words16 min

Revisiting the Quran’s gross errors concerning Christian theology Sam Shamoun In some of our previous articles and rebuttals (1, 2, 3, 4), we…

Examining Islam's Teaching that Allah Prays and Worships

Theological Issues6,512 words33 min

Islam and the prayers of Allah An examination of the worship and praise which Allah performs Sam Shamoun We are told in the Quran that the Islamic…

More proof that Allah worships like his creatures do

Theological Issues2,838 words14 min

More proof that Allah worships like his creatures do Sam Shamoun In the following articles and rebuttals, Examining Islam's Teaching that Allah Prays…

Satan on Allah's throne

Theological Issues1,523 words8 min

Satan: A Co-Occupier of Allah’s Throne or Allah in Disguise? Sam Shamoun The Quran mentions Allah’s throne quite often, especially in relation to his…

Allah – the creator of all things?

Theological Issues6,614 words33 min

Allah – the creator of all things? Revisiting the irrationality of Islamic theology Sam Shamoun The Quran makes the repeated assertion that Allah…

The Issue of Inheritance and Allah's Aseity

Theological Issues1,884 words9 min

Is Allah truly eternal and absolutely self-sufficient? The problem of Islamic monotheism and the issue of inheritance Sam Shamoun Anyone that has…

The Problems with the Islamic Shahadah

Theological Issues4,761 words24 min

Examining the Islamic Testimony of Faith in light of Quranic Exegesis Exposing the BlatantIdolatry and Gross Problems with the Creed of Islam Sam…

The Quran As A Divine Conscious Being

Theological Issues9,479 words47 min

The Quran As A Divine Conscious Agent More Evidence That Islam Does Not Affirm Unitarianism Sam Shamoun & Jochen Katz Introduction In this article we…

Kabah - Islam's Great Idol [Part 1]

Theological Issues5,752 words29 min

The Kabah - The Great Idol of Islam Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun According to the traditional Islamic view the following verses are exhorting Muslims to face…

Kabah - Islam's Great Idol [Part 2]

Theological Issues4,282 words21 min

The Kabah - The Great Idol of Islam Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun In an attempt to defend the Islamic practice of bowing towards the direction of the Kabah, a…

Allah - The All Guessing and Hopeful One

Theological Issues5,703 words29 min

Allah – The All Guessing and Hopeful One Sam Shamoun It is time to again to take a look at what the Quran really says about the nature of Allah,…

Allah - The Not So Sufficient One

Theological Issues6,550 words33 min

Allah – the not so sufficient one How Muhammad’s elevation to the status of a partner Undermines Allah’s self-sufficiency Sam Shamoun The evidence…

Muhammad’s Inspiration and Eloquence versus the Aseity of Allah [Part 1]

Theological Issues4,771 words24 min

Muhammad’s Inspiration and Eloquence versus Allah’s Aseity More problems for Islamic Theology Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Introduction One of the chief…

Muhammad’s Inspiration and Eloquence versus the Aseity of Allah [Part 2]

Theological Issues4,269 words21 min

Muhammad’s Inspiration and Eloquence versus Allah’s Aseity More problems for Islamic Theology Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion from part…

Allah - The Great Misleader

Theological Issues7,410 words37 min

Allah – The Great Misleader Sam Shamoun Many people do not realize that the Quran not only describes Allah as the best of all deceivers, but it also…

Allah As The Best Mushrik Of Them All [Part 1]

Theological Issues5,455 words27 min

Khayru Al-Mushrikin Allah as the best _mushrik_ of them all Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Introduction According to the Muslim scripture, there is a specific…

Allah As The Best Mushrik Of Them All [Part 2]

Theological Issues4,824 words24 min

Khayru Al-Mushrikin Allah as the best _mushrik_ of them all Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue with our analysis. Allah makes the Holy Spirit and the…

More of Muhammad's Violation of Islamic Monotheism

Theological Issues5,907 words30 min

Revisiting the Issue of Islamic Monotheism More Examples of Muhammad’s Blatant Violation of Tauhid Sam Shamoun We continue with our challenge to the…

At the Service of Allah and his Associate

Theological Issues5,971 words30 min

Muslims at the service of Allah and Muhammad his associate Sam Shamoun According to the Islamic sources the pagans of Mecca would observe rites in…

The Angel Gabriel – Allah’s Other Divine Partner

Theological Issues7,931 words40 min

The Angel Gabriel – Allah’s Other Divine Partner Sam Shamoun We have spent a considerable amount of time and cyber ink showing that according to the…

Is Gabriel really the Holy Spirit?

Theological Issues2,282 words11 min

Is Gabriel really the Holy Spirit? Sam Shamoun This is a brief reply to Muslim apologist Joseph Islam who wrote an article seeking to prove that the…

More Merciful than the Most Merciful?

Theological Issues1,487 words7 min

More Merciful than the Most Merciful? Sam Shamoun The Quran states that Allah is the most merciful from all those who show mercy: Moses prayed: "O my…

Allah's Need For Atonement

Theological Issues1,555 words8 min

Allah's Need For Atonement Islam Recognizes the Centrality and Necessity of the Blood Sam Shamoun In this short article we will be posting a couple…

Does Allah Forget Or Not?

Theological Issues405 words2 min

Does He Forget Or Doesn’t He? Sam Shamoun In the spirit of keeping Muslim polemicists consistent and honest "Opens external link in new window") we…

Music, Prophecy, and the Question of God: A Theological Critique of Islam’s Ban on Music

Theological Issues977 words5 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract Music has long served as a vehicle of divine revelation, spiritual joy, and prophetic…

The Parable of the Two Builders: An Analogy Between Christianity and Islam

Theological Issues835 words4 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Jesus’ parable of the two builders (Matthew 7:24–27) provides a profound metaphor for…

The Parable of the Two Builders: An Analogy Between Christianity and Islam

Theological Issues779 words4 min

The Parable of the Two Builders: An Analogy Between Christianity and Islam _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Jesus’ parable of…

The Problem of Free Will in Islamic Theology

Theological Issues894 words4 min

Divine Decree, Human Agency, and the Case of Adam By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This article examines the concept of…

A Critical Examination of the Moon-God Theory, Pre-Islamic Arabia, and Qur’anic Theology

Theological Issues875 words4 min

A Critical Examination of the Moon-God Theory, Pre-Islamic Arabia, and Qur’anic Theology By Shimba Theological Institute Introduction Among critics…

Claim: Allah stopped speaking after the death of Waraqa ibn Nawfal.

Theological Issues315 words2 min

Claim: _Allah stopped speaking after the death of Waraqa ibn Nawfal._ In early Islamic sources, Waraqa ibn Nawfal —Khadijah’s cousin and a learned…

Whatever We Are Doing Is Part of God’s Sovereign Will

Theological Issues689 words3 min

Whatever We Are Doing Is Part of God’s Sovereign Will _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Key Texts: _“But our God is in heaven; He…

Allah Has One Eye — So Allah Is an Infidel

Theological Issues235 words1 min

Allah Has One Eye — So Allah Is an Infidel The hadith of Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) says that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: >…

ISLAM IS A RELIGION OF UNBELIEVERS

Theological Issues759 words4 min

ISLAM IS A RELIGION OF UNBELIEVERS 1. So it turns out that unbelievers are Muslims 2. So it turns out that Allah is an unbeliever 3. So it turns out…

Rewritten Primary Question (Qur’an-Only Challenge)

Theological Issues507 words3 min

Rewritten Primary Question (Qur’an-Only Challenge) > Where in the Qur’an does Allah explicitly declare that Apostle Paul was a false _Nabī_ (prophet)…

Provocative Core Question (Primary Version)

Theological Issues486 words2 min

Provocative Core Question (Primary Version) Where is the _Sahih_ Hadith in which Muhammad explicitly declares that Paul the Apostle was a false…

Moderate Islam: The Most Successful Public Relations Campaign in Religious History

Theological Issues743 words4 min

Moderate Islam: The Most Successful Public Relations Campaign in Religious History A Historical and Theological Provocation By Dr. Maxwell Shimba…

A Refutation: Why Allah’s Character (as Defined in Islam) Is Ungodly

Theological Issues675 words3 min

A Refutation: Why Allah’s Character (as Defined in Islam) Is Ungodly The statement that _“Allah does not love sinners, only those who repent”_…

Did Jibrāʾīl Meet Moses?

Theological Issues947 words5 min

A Theological and Scriptural Inquiry into a Core Islamic Claim _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract Islamic tradition holds…

Where is the evidence (actual instances) of Allah healing in the Qur’an—not mere claims or theological assertions?

Theological Issues514 words3 min

1\. The Core Problem: No Recorded Healing Event by Allah in the Qur’an In the Qur’an , there is no narrative account where: A named sick person is…

Who Brought the Religion of Islam?

Theological Issues584 words3 min

Who Brought the Religion of Islam? There is an ongoing dispute between the Muslim and Christian communities regarding who brought the religion of…

The Paradox of Intoxicants in the Qur’an: An Apologetic Challenge

Theological Issues743 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction The Qur’an clearly denounces intoxicants and gambling as _“abominations of Satan’s…

Where Do You Want to Spend Your Eternity?

Theological Issues526 words3 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Human existence is not confined to time and space. Every person must wrestle with the ultimate…

Allah: A God Who Demands Love but Does Not Love

Theological Issues700 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction The question of divine love distinguishes the Christian God revealed in Jesus…

The Silence of Allah: A Scholarly Challenge to Islamic Claims of Divine Self-Disclosure

Theological Issues771 words4 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract Muslim apologists frequently challenge Christians by demanding verbatim biblical…

Exposing the Theological Problem of Islam: Prayer, Language, and the Absence of Divine Nearness

Theological Issues508 words3 min

Exposing the Theological Problem of Islam: Prayer, Language, and the Absence of Divine Nearness _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_…

Age, Authority, and Consistency in Early Islamic Marriage Narratives: A Critical Examination

Theological Issues588 words3 min

Age, Authority, and Consistency in Early Islamic Marriage Narratives: A Critical Examination _Dr. Maxwell Shimba_ Early Islamic historiography…

Cucumbers, Bananas, and the Crisis of Gendered Morality in Islam

Theological Issues4,440 words22 min

Newsletter Article Cucumbers, Bananas, and the Crisis of Gendered Morality in Islam The recent phenomenon of clerical fatwas warning Muslim women…

The Paradox of Paternal Authority and Spiritual Maternity in Islam: A Theological and Logical Examination of Qur’an 33:6 and 33:40

Theological Issues1,123 words6 min

Title: _The Paradox of Paternal Authority and Spiritual Maternity in Islam: A Theological and Logical Examination of Qur’an 33:6 and 33:40_ Author:…

ISLAM IS A PATH THAT LEADS TO HELL

Theological Issues540 words3 min

ISLAM IS A PATH THAT LEADS TO HELL THE PATH THAT LEADS TO HELL AND THE HEREAFTER IS ONE This is a very great disaster. Quran 19:71 وَإِن مِّنكُمۡ…

Daughter of Lancashire Imam Converts to Christianity and Is Baptized

Theological Issues133 words1 min

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ALLAH MADE A GREAT SCIENTIFIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL ERROR ABOUT THE SETTING OF THE SUN

Theological Issues1,153 words6 min

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Was Allah a “Flat-Earther”? A Scholarly Reflection on Qur’an 15:19 and Ancient Cosmology

Theological Issues983 words5 min

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The Qur’an: Incomplete Revelation or Twisted Text?

Theological Issues851 words4 min

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The Veiling of Oppression: Women and Structural Misogyny in Islam

Theological Issues802 words4 min

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Merry Christmas from our beautiful Arabic Christmas hymns to the world

Theological Issues96 words1 min

Merry Christmas from our beautiful Arabic Christmas hymns to the world Arabic Christmas hymns carry the message of hope, peace, and joy, uniting…

Is the Qur’an Allah? Is the Qur’an identical to Allah, or distinct from Allah?

Theological Issues772 words4 min

Is the Qur’an Allah? Eternity, Createdness, and the Problem of Monotheism in Islamic Theology By Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological Institute…

THE TWO SEAS’ WATER NOT MIXING, IS THIS A MIRACLE OF ALLAH OR A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE?

Theological Issues873 words4 min

THE TWO SEAS’ WATER NOT MIXING IS THIS A MIRACLE OF ALLAH OR A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE? Today I will answer a weak Muslim argument concerning the claim…

The Paradox of Paternal Authority and Spiritual Maternity in Islam: A Theological and Logical Examination of Qur’an 33:6 and 33:40

Theological Issues1,123 words6 min

Title: _The Paradox of Paternal Authority and Spiritual Maternity in Islam: A Theological and Logical Examination of Qur’an 33:6 and 33:40_ Author:…

The Falsehood of the Islamic Religion

Theological Issues2,693 words13 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute, Orlando, Florida_ Abstract This article critically examines the theological inconsistencies,…

Religious Freedom and Persecution in Uganda: Converts Facing Deadly Violence

Theological Issues453 words2 min

Shimba Theological Institute Newsletter Religious Freedom and Persecution in Uganda: Converts Facing Deadly Violence Uganda, August 2021 – Reports of…

Desecration of the Holy Qur’an in Saudi Arabia Raises Global Concern

Theological Issues330 words2 min

Shimba Theological Institute – Newsletter Report Reports have emerged from Taif, Saudi Arabia, that over fifty copies of the Holy Qur’an were…

Bananas, Cucumbers, and the Politics of Gendered Morality in Islam

Theological Issues531 words3 min

Newsletter Article Bananas, Cucumbers, and the Politics of Gendered Morality in Islam In recent decades, a number of reports and fatwas emerging from…

Why Islamic Punishment for Adultery Appears Contradictory and Unequal

Theological Issues468 words2 min

Why Islamic Punishment for Adultery Appears Contradictory and Unequal: An Academic Reflection By Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological Institute In…

Why Is the Color Black Revered in Islam?

Theological Issues826 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba – Shimba Theological Institute A lady wrote the following dream: > “There is a woman who wears a black _baibui_ (Islamic veil)…

The Qur’an Admits that Satan Dwells on the Straight Path: A Theological Critique of Islam

Theological Issues1,319 words7 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological Institute Abstract This paper critically examines the theological contradictions within the Qur’an…

The Societal and Security Implications of Full-Face Coverings

Theological Issues664 words3 min

The Societal and Security Implications of Full-Face Coverings By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This paper critically…

A scholarly exploration of the Tirmidhī narration about a camel’s prostration, prostration and shirk, and related theological questions

Theological Issues3,364 words17 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This paper examines the hadith narrated by Aisha (reported in Jāmi‘ at-Tirmidhī, no.…

Abraham Never Built the Kaʿbah — A Scholarly Examination

Theological Issues3,323 words17 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract (short). This article examines the widely held Islamic tradition that Abraham…

DO YOU KNOW THE FIRST INFIDEL IN THE WORLD?

Theological Issues1,127 words6 min

DO YOU KNOW THE FIRST INFIDEL IN THE WORLD? _By Dr. Max Shimba, Servant of Jesus Christ the Great God (Titus 2:13)_ Introduction Who are the…

Was Adam’s First Created Organ His Genitalia?

Theological Issues1,169 words6 min

Was Adam’s First Created Organ His Genitalia? A Theological Debate and Challenge to Islamic Anthropology By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological…

The First Organ Created in Adam: A Theological Examination

Theological Issues796 words4 min

The First Organ Created in Adam: A Theological Examination By Dr. Max Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This paper critically examines…

Isaiah 9:6–7 and the Question of Corruption:

Theological Issues984 words5 min

A Scholarly Response to Islamic Polemics By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract Muslim apologists frequently charge that…

The Power of Isaiah 9:6–7: Responding to the Islamic Claim of “Corruption”

Theological Issues774 words4 min

The Power of Isaiah 9:6–7: Responding to the Islamic Claim of “Corruption” By: Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological Institute Muslim critics often…

Prophetic Guidance on Marital Boundaries: A Critical Examination

Theological Issues766 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract The interactions between the Prophet Muhammad and the spouses of his companions present…

Prophetic Guidance on Marital Boundaries: A Critical Examination

Theological Issues1,113 words6 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract The interactions between the Prophet Muhammad and the spouses of his companions present…

Why Are 90% (or More) of the Prophets Named in the Qurʾān Jewish Men?

Theological Issues2,193 words11 min

An academic, multi-section inquiry with critical questions for Muslim readers By Dr Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute Abstract The Qurʾān…

If All Are Born Muslim, Why the Need for Religion and Prophets?

Theological Issues947 words5 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction Islamic theology affirms that every human being is born a Muslim, naturally disposed…

If All Are Born Muslim, Why the Need for Religion and Prophets?

Theological Issues843 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction Islamic theology affirms that every human being is born a Muslim, naturally disposed…

The Question of Salvation in Islam and Christianity

Theological Issues456 words2 min

The Question of Salvation in Islam and Christianity By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute One of the most pressing theological issues…

The Prohibition of Friendship with Non-Muslims in Islam

Theological Issues979 words5 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction One of the most contentious issues in Christian-Muslim dialogue concerns the…

The Prohibition of Friendship with Non-Muslims in Islam: A Critical Examination of Qur’anic Teaching and Theological Implications

Theological Issues925 words5 min

Here’s a structured academic-style article draft expanded and arranged in a scholarly tone, as by Dr. Maxwell Shimba from _Shimba Theological…

The Anthropomorphic Dilemma: Allah’s “Shin” and the Question of Divine Uniqueness

Theological Issues862 words4 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction One of the most complex theological tensions in Islamic theology lies in the…

Islam and the Prophetic Fulfillment of Revelation 13

Theological Issues651 words3 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction The Book of Revelation, particularly chapter 13, presents a prophetic vision of the…

Miriam, Mary, and Maryam: Understanding the Differences Across Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Theological Issues1,320 words7 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute_ The names Miriam , Mary , and Maryam appear prominently across the three major Abrahamic…

Christianity vs. Islam: When You Judge a Tree by Its Fruit

Theological Issues502 words3 min

Jesus gave the simplest test for truth: _“A tree is known by its fruit.”_ Not by slogans, not by emotions, not by political spin—by results. And when…

The Theology of Baptism: A Christian Appeal to Muslims

Theological Issues611 words3 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba_ _Shimba Theological Institute_ Baptism is one of the most misunderstood doctrines in the Christian faith, especially within…

Pork in the Qur’an: A Theological and Textual Examination

Theological Issues810 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction The dietary laws in Islam have long been debated among scholars, with the…

Pork in the Qur’an: A Theological and Textual Examination

Theological Issues810 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction The dietary laws in Islam have long been debated among scholars, with the…

Exposing the kissing of the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) as a pagan practice with no theological consistency

Theological Issues1,161 words6 min

THE KISSING OF THE BLACK STONE IN ISLAM: A THEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL EXPOSITION OF PAGAN CONTINUITY _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba_ _Shimba Theological…

The Misrepresentation of the Trinity in the Qur’an

Theological Issues687 words3 min

A Theological Refutation of the Claim that Mary is Part of the Godhead By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction One of the…

Are Camels “Devils”?

Theological Issues1,669 words8 min

Are Camels “Devils” Yet Eaten? A Theological & Critical Inquiry By Dr Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract This article examines…

The Historical Treatment of Christians under Islamic Rule: Lessons for Contemporary Western Policy

Theological Issues789 words4 min

The Historical Treatment of Christians under Islamic Rule: Lessons for Contemporary Western Policy By Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological Institute…

Divine Uncertainty in Qur’an 47:28: A Theological Inquiry into Allah’s “Installation”

Theological Issues971 words5 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract This article investigates the peculiar expression in _Qur’an 47:28_ , where Allah is…

Questioning the Angelic Identity of Jibril: A Critical Examination of Qur’anic Interpretation

Theological Issues1,050 words5 min

Title: Questioning the Angelic Identity of Jibril: A Critical Examination of Qur’anic Interpretation _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba – Shimba Theological…

THE DAUGHTERS OF ALLAH

Theological Issues1,489 words7 min

THE DAUGHTERS OF ALLAH Muslims have often been quick to tell others that God allowed the Bible to be corrupted. What they imply is that the Qur’an…

Sermon: The False Trinity of the Qur’an

Theological Issues568 words3 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba_ _Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction Beloved in Christ, today we expose a great deception that has confused many. The…

Debate Closing Statement: The False Trinity of the Qur’an

Theological Issues354 words2 min

Ladies and gentlemen, allow me to close with clarity. The Qur’an in _Surah al-Ma’idah 5:116_ accuses Christians of worshiping a Trinity made of…

Scholarly Rebuttal Outline: Trinity and Mary in the Qur’an

Theological Issues375 words2 min

1\. Qur’anic Claim Surah al-Ma’idah 5:116 suggests Christians worship a trinity of Allah, Jesus, and Mary. This forms the basis of the Qur’an’s…

A Critical Analysis of Qur’an 21:107

Theological Issues763 words4 min

_"We have not sent you (O Muhammad) except as a mercy to all the worlds"_ Introduction The Qur’an makes a striking claim in Surah al-Anbiyā’ 21:107:…

Two Hearts in One Chest?

Theological Issues2,108 words11 min

A Theological and Scientific Appraisal of Qur’an 33:4 By Dr. Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute, New York, NY Abstract Qur’an 33:4 states…

A Theological Critique of Islamic Revelation: An Academic Perspective

Theological Issues619 words3 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological Institute Religious claims must be evaluated through historical analysis, theological consistency, textual…

Women Have No Place in the Islamic Heaven (Jannah)

Theological Issues793 words4 min

Women Have No Place in the Islamic Heaven (Jannah) By Dr. Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute Prophet Muhammad, in _Sahih al-Bukhari_ Book…

The Theological Infiltration of Islam into Christian Thought: A Critical Examination

Theological Issues335 words2 min

The Theological Infiltration of Islam into Christian Thought: A Critical Examination _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Throughout…

Nikāḥ ḥalālah (tahlīl) — an academic overview

Theological Issues1,228 words6 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This short paper explains the Islamic legal rule commonly called nikāḥ ḥalālah (also…

Islamic Halal Slaughter: A Theological and Ethical Critique

Theological Issues360 words2 min

_Islamic Halal Slaughter: A Theological and Ethical Critique_ By Dr. Maxwell Shimba From both a theological and ethical standpoint, the practice of…

Unequal Equality? A Critical Examination of Race, Gender, and Hierarchy in Early Islamic Texts

Theological Issues771 words4 min

Title: Unequal Equality? A Critical Examination of Race, Gender, and Hierarchy in Early Islamic Texts _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological…

A Scholarly Observation on Ritual Invocation in Islam and Ancestral Traditions

Theological Issues197 words1 min

A Scholarly Observation on Ritual Invocation in Islam and Ancestral Traditions By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute From a theological…

Question for Muslim Scholars and Believers

Theological Issues190 words1 min

Question for Muslim Scholars and Believers: In Islamic theology, the _Injeel_ (Gospel) is described as a divine revelation given by Allah. According…

A Comparative Theological Observation on Islamic Prayer Practices

Theological Issues187 words1 min

A Comparative Theological Observation on Islamic Prayer Practices By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute From a comparative religion…

I AM

Theological Issues1,670 words8 min

— _“God said, ‘This is My name forever’ (Exodus 3:15) and ‘I am’ (Exodus 3:14) — Why does Islam not have a parallel where Allah calls Himself “I…

Sheikh Arrested for Selling Pork as Lamb: A Case Study in Religious Ethics and Consumer Deception

Theological Issues737 words4 min

Title: _Sheikh Arrested for Selling Pork as Lamb: A Case Study in Religious Ethics and Consumer Deception_ By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological…

An Academic Inquiry into the Muslim Prayer for Guidance: A Theological and Philosophical Analysis

Theological Issues983 words5 min

Title: An Academic Inquiry into the Muslim Prayer for Guidance: A Theological and Philosophical Analysis By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological…

The Qur’an, contrary to widespread belief among its adherents, is not necessarily divinely inspired or authored

Theological Issues1,658 words8 min

The Qur’an, contrary to widespread belief among its adherents, is not necessarily divinely inspired or authored. Rather, it appears to reflect the…

Why Do We Say ISIS Are “True Muslims”?

Theological Issues613 words3 min

English Translation By Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological Institute Why Do We Say ISIS Are “True Muslims”? Our Muslim brothers insist strongly…

Helel, Lucifer, and Halal: A Philological and Theological Inquiry into Claims of Linguistic Relationship

Theological Issues1,058 words5 min

_Helel, Lucifer, and Halal: A Philological and Theological Inquiry into Claims of Linguistic Relationship_ By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological…

Additional Controversial Characteristics Recorded in Islamic Traditions

Theological Issues417 words2 min

Additional Controversial Characteristics Recorded in Islamic Traditions 1\. He claimed revelations only when convenient In several hadith,…

Revised Professional Questions

Theological Issues366 words2 min

Revised Professional Questions 1. Who first claimed that Allah sent the angel Jibrīl? _Muhammad._ 2. Who asserted that Jibrīl delivered a revelation…

The Crisis of Authenticity in Islam: A Theological and Sociopolitical Reflection

Theological Issues792 words4 min

Title: The Crisis of Authenticity in Islam: A Theological and Sociopolitical Reflection _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_…

Islam as a Culture of Arabification

Theological Issues498 words2 min

Islam as a Culture of Arabification _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Islam, while widely recognized as a global religion,…

An Academic Analysis of the Rapid Growth of Islam: A Theological Perspective

Theological Issues498 words2 min

An Academic Analysis of the Rapid Growth of Islam: A Theological Perspective By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute The rapid expansion…

Why direct archaeological references to the name Allah are scarce

Theological Issues1,422 words7 min

_By Dr Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract Islamic tradition holds that God sent a very large number of prophets to every people…

Militant Attack on Chibok: Churches and Vehicles Set Ablaze in Renewed Violence

Theological Issues231 words1 min

Breaking News Report – Academic Newsletter Edition Date: November 8, 2025 Location: Chibok, Borno State, Nigeria Headline: Militant Attack on Chibok:…

A Rising Threat: Radical Islam’s Reign of Terror Against Christians in Mozambique

Theological Issues526 words3 min

🕊️ SHIMBA THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE NEWSLETTER Date: October 28, 2025 By Dr. Maxwell Shimba A Rising Threat: Radical Islam’s Reign of Terror Against…

U.S. Missionary Kidnapped by Suspected Jihadists in Niger: A Theological Reflection and Call to Prayer

Theological Issues1,160 words6 min

Shimba Theological Institute Newsletter U.S. Missionary Kidnapped by Suspected Jihadists in Niger: A Theological Reflection and Call to Prayer…

Abraham Never Built the Kaʿbah

Theological Issues1,925 words10 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract (short). This article examines the widely held Islamic tradition that Abraham…

Divine Uncertainty in Qur’an 47:28: A Theological Inquiry into Allah’s “Installation”

Theological Issues968 words5 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract This article investigates the peculiar expression in _Qur’an 47:28_ , where Allah is…

ALLAH ALITEREMSHA AYA NA KUELEZA KUWA SINAGOGI SIO MISIKITI

Theological Issues1,024 words5 min

Jumamosi, Septemba 24,…

PROOF THAT MUSLIMS ARE MUHAMMADANS

Theological Issues1,570 words8 min

In this short post I am going present additional evidence that Islam is really Muhammadanism seeing that it has elevated Muhammad to godlike status,…

Why is Palestine Not Mentioned in the Qur’an?

Theological Issues641 words3 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba For Max Shimba Ministries Org Introduction A close reading of the Qur’an reveals a striking omission: the name _Palestine_ is…

Catholic Encyclopedia, Jews & Muslims

Theological Issues2,478 words12 min

This excerpt comes from the Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 8: Infamy-Lapparent, pp. 7-10. Here’s what the website states in respect to this…

Russian Patriarch Kirill on Islam, Judaism & Buddhism

Theological Issues1,816 words9 min

The following excerpt is taken from His Holiness Patriarch Kirill meets with Sheikh ul-Islam Allahshukur Pashazade, Chairman of the Caucasus Muslims’…

Eastern Orthodox on Islam, Judaism & Other Churches

Theological Issues2,431 words12 min

The statements cited here are taken from _For the Life of the World: Toward A Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church_, published by Holy Cross Orthodox…

Patriarch Bartholomew on Muslims

Theological Issues870 words4 min

I cite what Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew stated in respect to Muslims and Islam. All emphasis will be mine.…

Gregory Palamas on the Muslim God

Theological Issues385 words2 min

St. Gregory mentions a dialogue he had with a group of Turkish Muslims. What makes his comments rather amazing is that he affirms that both the…

ALLAH NEVER SAID TO ADAM “I AM GOD, WORSHIP ME”

Theological Issues767 words4 min

A Debate Challenge to Islamic Apologetics By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction For centuries, Islamic polemicists have…

The Anthropomorphic Dilemma: Allah’s “Shin” and the Question of Divine Uniqueness

Theological Issues859 words4 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction One of the most complex theological tensions in Islamic theology lies in the…

The Prohibition of Friendship with Non-Muslims in Islam: A Critical Examination of Qur’anic Teaching and Theological Implications

Theological Issues984 words5 min

_Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction One of the most contentious issues in Christian-Muslim dialogue concerns the Qur’anic injunctions…

The Question of Salvation in Islam and Christianity

Theological Issues453 words2 min

The Question of Salvation in Islam and Christianity By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute One of the most pressing theological issues…

Why Are 90% (or More) of the Prophets Named in the Qurʾān Jewish Men?

Theological Issues1,927 words10 min

An academic, multi-section inquiry with critical questions for Muslim readers By Dr Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute Abstract The Qurʾān…

If All Are Born Muslim, Why the Need for Religion and Prophets?

Theological Issues936 words5 min

Introduction Islamic theology affirms that every human being is born a Muslim, naturally disposed to recognize and submit to Allah. This claim is…

SHIMBA THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE NEWSLETTER

Theological Issues1,010 words5 min

SHIMBA THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE NEWSLETTER Volume 7, Issue 4 — October 2025 ISSN: 2950-4125 Christian Teen Murdered by His Brother for Converting to…

Divine Judgment or Historical Irony?

Theological Issues843 words4 min

Title: Divine Judgment or Historical Irony? An Examination of Muhammad’s Death in Light of Quranic and Hadith Sources Author: Dr. Maxwell Shimba,…

ALLAH KILLED HIS OWN GREATEST PROPHET!

Theological Issues239 words1 min

Muhammad attacked the unsuspecting Jewish settlement of Khaibar without provocation, around 629 a.d (my estimate). He killed all males and tortured…

The Theological Problem of Predestined Damnation: Questioning the Racial Determinism in Islamic Traditions

Theological Issues986 words5 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This article critically examines a controversial narration found in _Mishkat…

The Role and Status of Women in Islam

Theological Issues1,024 words5 min

Title: The Role and Status of Women in Islam: A Theological and Anthropological Critique _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_…

MUSLIMS AND DEMONS ARE BROTHERS

Theological Issues988 words5 min

Title: Brotherhood with Demons? A Theological Analysis of Jinn in Islam and the Christian Prohibition of Communion with Evil Spirits By Dr. Maxwell…

Theological Inquiries into the Islam of the Jinn

Theological Issues1,112 words6 min

Title: Theological Inquiries into the Islam of the Jinn: Prophethood, Revelation, and the Ummah of the Unseen By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba…

A Comparative Analysis of Women’s Empowerment in Israeli and Muslim Societies

Theological Issues767 words4 min

Title: A Comparative Analysis of Women’s Empowerment in Israeli and Muslim Societies The status and roles of women in the Middle East differ…

The Silence of the Garden

Theological Issues1,213 words6 min

Dr. Maxwell Shimba _USA Theological University, Orlando, FL_ Abstract This article presents and analyzes a parable— _The Silence of the Garden_ —as a…

The Ethical Crisis of Child Marriage in Religious History

Theological Issues1,134 words6 min

Title : The Ethical Crisis of Child Marriage in Religious History: A Critical Examination of the Quranic Tradition in Modern Context Author : Dr.…

The Similitude of Shame and the Symbolism of Covering: A Comparative Analysis of Genesis 38:15, the Islamic Veil, and the Kaaba’s Black Cloth

Theological Issues1,167 words6 min

Journal Article for Submission Title : _The Similitude of Shame and the Symbolism of Covering: A Comparative Analysis of Genesis 38:15, the Islamic…

Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 1

Theological Issues803 words4 min

Abstract The Qur’an claims to be a divine revelation wholly free of internal contradictions. Surah 4:82 asserts that a divine scripture must be…

Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 2

Theological Issues748 words4 min

Abstract Islam asserts that the Qur’an is a divine, unalterable revelation entirely free of contradiction. The internal standard set forth in Surah…

Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 3

Theological Issues560 words3 min

_Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute, New York, NY_ The Qur’an’s Consistency Claim A foundational claim in Islamic theology is the…

Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 4

Theological Issues864 words4 min

Shimba Theological Institute New York, NY Department of Comparative Theology Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Th.D. Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 4 A…

The Comforter in John 14:26

Theological Issues894 words4 min

The Comforter in John 14:26: A Biblical and Islamic Analysis By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute 1\. The Identity of the Comforter…

A Critical Evaluation of the Sexual Rewards in Islamic Eschatology

Theological Issues1,231 words6 min

A Critical Evaluation of the Sexual Rewards in Islamic Eschatology Abstract Islamic eschatology, as depicted in both the Qur'an and Hadith…

A Critical Evaluation of the Sexual Rewards in Islamic Eschatology

Theological Issues664 words3 min

Islamic descriptions of Paradise, as outlined in both the Quran and Hadith literature, have long drawn attention for their explicit portrayal of…

A Comparative Theological Analysis of Salvation in Islam and Christianity

Theological Issues899 words4 min

Title: _A Comparative Theological Analysis of Salvation in Islam and Christianity: A Critical Evaluation of Eschatological Certainty_ Author: Dr.…

The Satanic Verses and the Daughters of Allah in Early Islam

Theological Issues815 words4 min

The Satanic Verses and the Daughters of Allah in Early Islam: A Scholarly Historical Examination Introduction The historical records of early Islam…

Strategic Methods in the Expansion of Islam

Theological Issues1,136 words6 min

Title: Strategic Methods in the Expansion of Islam: A Critical Analysis of Sociopolitical Infiltration in Non-Muslim Nations By Dr. Maxwell Shimba,…

IS THE INJEEL CORRUPTED? ACADEMIC CONCLUSION (Part 7 of 7)

Theological Issues1,252 words6 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This concluding chapter synthesizes the theological, logical, and historical evidence…

Is the Injeel Corrupted? An Academic and Theological Investigation Part 3 of 7

Theological Issues1,165 words6 min

_Part 3 of 7 – What Do the Other Holy Books Say About God’s Word?_ By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction The question of…

IS THE INJEEL CORRUPTED? AN INVESTIGATION Part 1 of 7

Theological Issues994 words5 min

IS THE INJEEL CORRUPTED? AN INVESTIGATION Part 1 of 7 – Introduction By Dr. Maxwell Shimba | Shimba Theological Institute Introduction As-salāmu…

Moral Integrity and Historical Narratives

Theological Issues970 words5 min

Title : Moral Integrity and Historical Narratives: A Critical Examination of Aisha bint Abi Bakr in Early Islam Author : Dr. Maxwell Shimba…

The Prophetic Gift of Seventy-Two Virgins

Theological Issues1,063 words5 min

Title: The Prophetic Gift of Seventy-Two Virgins: A Theological and Eschatological Critique of Islamic Hadith Tradition By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba…

Theological Reflections on the Islamic Concept of Allah in Light of Christian Revelation

Theological Issues1,162 words6 min

Title: Theological Reflections on the Islamic Concept of Allah in Light of Christian Revelation Author: Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological…

Who Introduced Islam? An Analytical Review of Islamic and Christian Historical Claims

Theological Issues790 words4 min

Title: Who Introduced Islam? An Analytical Review of Islamic and Christian Historical Claims By Dr. Maxwell Shimba | Shimba Theological Institute…

A Critical Theological and Historical Examination of Islamic Claims to Abrahamic Origins and the Primacy of the Kaaba

Theological Issues1,135 words6 min

Title: A Critical Theological and Historical Examination of Islamic Claims to Abrahamic Origins and the Primacy of the Kaaba By Dr. Maxwell Shimba |…

What Is Islam? A Critical Theological and Historical Analysis of Islam’s Origins and Claims

Theological Issues1,226 words6 min

What Is Islam? A Critical Theological and Historical Analysis of Islam’s Origins and Claims By Dr. Maxwell Shimba | Shimba Theological Institute…

The Cultural Significance of Wanja (Kohl) and Lip Coloring in Ancient Arabian Traditions

Theological Issues874 words4 min

The Cultural Significance of Wanja (Kohl) and Lip Coloring in Ancient Arabian Traditions: A Critical Examination of Muhammad’s Use of Cosmetics By…

A Critical Ethical Reflection on Child Marriage in Early Islam

Theological Issues971 words5 min

A Critical Ethical Reflection on Child Marriage in Early Islam: Analyzing Hadith Literature and Historical Practice By Dr. Maxwell Shimba | Max…

The Status of Women in the Islamic Heaven (Jannah)

Theological Issues998 words5 min

The Status of Women in the Islamic Heaven (Jannah): A Theological Critique Abstract: This article examines the status of women in Islamic eschatology…

Who is Allah? Who is Allah? God or Satan? An Inquiry into the Origins and Theological Identity of 'Allah'

Theological Issues1,066 words5 min

By: Max Shimba Ministries Org Abstract This article investigates the identity of 'Allah' — whether He is the true God or a deceptive entity, often…

The Hypocrisy of Religious Iconoclasm: When Idol-Breakers Become Idolaters

Theological Issues820 words4 min

Abstract: Throughout history, religious iconoclasm has been a powerful and often violent expression of theological absolutism. Among certain radical…

Civilizational Divergence: A Comparative Historical Analysis of Western Christendom and the Islamic World from 1492 to the Space Age

Theological Issues899 words4 min

Abstract: This article examines the comparative trajectories of Western Christendom and the Islamic world from the late 15th century to the modern…