Apologia Library

Jesus Christ in The Bible

Christological Issues13,912 words70 min

Jesus Christ in The Bible Sam Shamoun Throughout the centuries, the person of Christ has been one of the most widely debated issues among scholars…

The New Testament on the Worship given to Jesus:

Christological Issues9,742 words49 min

The New Testament on the Worship given to Jesus Its Significance and Implications for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun The Holy Scriptures…

An Examination of the Worship Given to the Messiah in the Old Testament

Christological Issues2,225 words11 min

"All the Nations will serve Him" An Examination of the Worship Given to the Messiah in the Old Testament Sam Shamoun In the following articles: >…

Jesus And Latreuo: Examining The NT on Christ Receiving Sacred Service

Christological Issues6,347 words32 min

Jesus And Latreuo Examining The New Testament On Christ Receiving Sacred Service Sam Shamoun Note: This paper is intended to supplement my article on…

Is the Prophet Daniel Worshiped as God?

Christological Issues5,837 words29 min

Is the Prophet Daniel Worshiped as God? Sam Shamoun In order to undermine the explicit New Testament teaching that Jesus Christ is worshiped as God,…

Jesus As The Way, The Truth, And The Life : An Examination of John 14:6 In Light Of Muslim Claims

Christological Issues5,694 words28 min

Jesus As The Way, The Truth, And The Life: An Examination of John 14:6 In Light Of Muslim Claims Sam Shamoun It is not uncommon to find Muslims…

The Sonship of Christ: Eternal or Temporal?

Christological Issues5,694 words28 min

The Sonship of Christ: Eternal or Temporal? Examining Some Key Specific Texts Regarding Jesus’ Relationship to the Father Sam Shamoun The historical…

The Eternal Generation of the Son: A Biblical Perspective

Christological Issues7,185 words36 min

The Eternal Generation of the Son A Biblical Perspective Sam Shamoun The following article is an extension of our answers to common question series,…

The Lord Jesus: God’s Son and Heir of All Creation

Christological Issues3,280 words16 min

The Lord Jesus: God’s Son and Heir of All Creation Sam Shamoun The Holy Bible teaches that the Father gave the Son all things: > "_All things have…

Lukan Christological Preexistence: More Evidence for the Deity of Christ from the Third Gospel

Christological Issues5,624 words28 min

Lukan Christological Preexistence More Evidence for the Deity of Christ from the Third Gospel Sam Shamoun The purpose of this article is to…

Christological Preexistence

Christological Issues8,678 words43 min

Christological Preexistence Analyzing Jesus’ Prehuman Existence in light of the Synoptic Gospels Sam Shamoun Introduction It is a commonly held…

Jesus as the Son of God

Christological Issues3,972 words20 min

Jesus as the Son of God: A Biblical Exegesis Sam Shamoun Oftentimes, Christians are challenged to produce biblical evidence in support of their…

Jesus Christ – Son of God or God the Son?

Christological Issues6,157 words31 min

Jesus Christ – Son of God or God the Son? Sam Shamoun Introduction Many Muslim dawagandists believe that Jesus’ claim of being the Son of God isn’t…

Jesus – God the Son

Christological Issues3,170 words16 min

Jesus – God the Son Sam Shamoun This is intended to supplement our earlier article Jesus Christ – Son of God or God the Son? We intend to show here…

The Blood of God: An Examination of the Christological Implications of Acts 20:28

Christological Issues6,701 words34 min

The Blood of God An Examination of the Christological Implications of Acts 20:28 Sam Shamoun In the book of Acts Luke records Paul’s farewell speech…

The Gospel Q and the Identity of Jesus

Christological Issues5,934 words30 min

The Hypothetical Gospel Q And It’s Effect on NT Christology Sam Shamoun The Gospel called Q refers to a hypothetical sayings Gospel believed to have…

Jesus as the Occupier of God’s Heavenly Throne

Christological Issues5,911 words30 min

Jesus as the Occupier of God’s Heavenly Throne More Evidence for the Absolute Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun According to the Hebrew Scriptures, the…

Christ, the Justifier and Forgiver of Sinners

Christological Issues1,443 words7 min

Christ, the Justifier and Forgiver of Sinners Jesus as a Partaker of Yahweh’s Unique Functions and Attributes Sam Shamoun According to the Hebrew…

The Lord Jesus: Our Divine Redeemer

Christological Issues3,250 words16 min

The Lord Jesus: Our Divine Redeemer Sam Shamoun According to the Hebrew Scriptures humans are unable to ransom their lives since they are incapable…

The Exalted Lord of Glory:

Christological Issues2,681 words13 min

The Exalted Lord of Glory Jesus as the Most High God Sam Shamoun Yahweh Alone is Exalted The Hebrew Bible says that Yahweh is highly exalted above…

The Lord Jesus – the Maker and Ruler of Creation

Christological Issues8,149 words41 min

The Lord Jesus – the Maker and Ruler of Creation Sam Shamoun According to the N[ew]T[estament] writings Jesus Christ, in his prehuman existence, made…

The Lord Jesus: The Divine Son who is Superior to all Creation

Christological Issues5,599 words28 min

The Lord Jesus: The Divine Son who is Superior to all Creation Sam Shamoun In both the Gospels of Matthew and Mark Jesus makes a statement which,…

Revisiting the Omniscience of the Lord Jesus Christ – A Markan Perspective

Christological Issues4,649 words23 min

Revisiting the Omniscience of the Lord Jesus Christ A Markan Perspective Sam Shamoun The Holy Bible emphatically testifies that the Lord Jesus, in…

The Real Truth of John 1:1 : A Muslim Becomes a Bible Expositor

Christological Issues7,774 words39 min

The Real Truth of John 1:1 A Muslim Becomes a Bible Expositor Sam Shamoun Muslim apologist Ebrahim Saifuddin has written an article…

Jesus Christ: The God Who is All in All

Christological Issues8,846 words44 min

Jesus Christ: The God Who is All in All Sam Shamoun The apostle Paul, under inspiration of the Holy Spirit, wrote that at the end of the age Christ…

An Examination of Jesus’ Use of Psalm 82:6 in Defense of his Deity

Christological Issues5,630 words28 min

"I Say: Ye Are Gods" An Examination of Jesus’ Use of Psalm 82:6 in Defense of his Deity Sam Shamoun The Old Testament mentions some of the essential…

Examining Psalm 110:1 A look at Its Implications on God being a Multi-Personal Being and upon the Deity of Christ

Christological Issues10,755 words54 min

Examining Psalm 110:1 A look at Its Implications on God being a Multi-Personal Being and upon the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun Christians often appeal…

AN EXAMINATION OF JOHN 1:1, 8:58 AND COLOSSIANS 2:9

Christological Issues4,262 words21 min

AN EXAMINATION OF JOHN 1:1, 8:58 AND COLOSSIANS 2:9 AND THEIR SIGINIFICANCE ON NEW TESTAMENT CHRISTOLOGY Sam Shamoun It will be our specific aim…

The Supremacy of Jesus in Hebrews 1

Christological Issues3,022 words15 min

The Supremacy of Jesus The nature and position of Jesus according to Hebrews 1 Sam Shamoun As promised, here we present an analysis of the first…

Jesus as Thomas’ God: Responding to one Muslim’s Appeal to NT Greek Grammar

Christological Issues6,446 words32 min

Jesus as Thomas’ God Responding to one Muslim’s Appeal to NT Greek Grammar Sam Shamoun & Jochen Katz It seems that Dr. Jamal Badawi is up to his old…

Jesus as Preexistent Son of God

Christological Issues4,231 words21 min

Jesus as Preexistent Son of God Responding to one Muslim’s Appeal to NT Greek Grammar Sam Shamoun This resumes our analysis of Badawi’s points which…

Is there an Evolution in NT Christology? [Part 1]

Christological Issues11,135 words56 min

Is there an Evolution in NT Christology? Analyzing Muslim Claims That the Christological Portraits of the Bible Are Contradictory [Part 1] [Part 2]…

Is there an Evolution in NT Christology? [Part 2]

Christological Issues12,991 words65 min

Is there an Evolution in NT Christology? Analyzing Muslim Claims That the Christological Portraits of the Bible Are Contradictory [ [Part…

Jesus is Yahweh

Christological Issues8,223 words41 min

JESUS IS YAHWEH Examining the New Testament Use of Old Testament Passages to Demonstrate the Deity of the Lord Jesus Christ Sam Shamoun As any…

The Deity of the Messiah in Isaiah and in light of New Testament Exegesis

Christological Issues8,390 words42 min

The Deity of the Messiah in Isaiah and in light of New Testament Exegesis Sam Shamoun Introduction Anti-Trinitarians, i.e. Muslims, Jehovah’s…

Jesus as Yahweh – Examining Paul’s use of Lord in reference to Christ

Christological Issues3,429 words17 min

Jesus as Yahweh Examining Paul’s use of Lord in reference to Christ Sam Shamoun Introduction Readers of the NT are quite familiar with how often Paul…

The Lord Jesus Christ – The Glorious Messenger of God

Christological Issues7,278 words36 min

The Lord Jesus Christ – The Glorious Messenger of God How one Muslim Neophyte Fails to Disprove the Divinity of the Angel of the Lord Sam Shamoun…

The Divine Name and Glory of Yahweh – More Biblical Evidence for the Deity of God’s unique Angel/Son

Christological Issues8,765 words44 min

The Divine Name and Glory of Yahweh More Biblical Evidence for the Deity of God’s unique Angel/Son Sam Shamoun The Holy Scriptures have a lot to say…

Jesus Christ – The God of Gods and the Prince of princes

Christological Issues3,375 words17 min

Jesus Christ – The God of Gods and the Prince of princes Sam Shamoun The prophet Daniel sees a vision of a ruler who emerges to take control of a…

Jesus Christ –

Christological Issues13,451 words67 min

Jesus Christ – The Divine Son whom the Father Himself Praises and Glorifies as the Lord God! Sam Shamoun Muslim dawagandists are constantly asking…

Jesus Christ – The Mighty God

Christological Issues10,175 words51 min

Jesus Christ – The Mighty God More OT Evidence for the Deity of the Messiah Sam Shamoun One of the most powerful witnesses to the Deity of the…

The Exaltation of the Messiah in Isaiah

Christological Issues1,856 words9 min

The Exaltation of the Messiah in Isaiah Additional OT Evidence for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun This article is intended to supplement the…

Jesus Christ the Exalted Lord–

Christological Issues1,735 words9 min

Jesus Christ the Exalted Lord – Not just a god but the Most High God of all Since we have already discussed the issue of Jesus’ exaltation in several…

Jesus Christ – King of kings and Lord of lords

Christological Issues3,135 words16 min

Jesus Christ – King of kings and Lord of lords Addressing specific objections against the reign of Christ as God Sam Shamoun Students and scholars of…

The Lord’s Prayer – More Proof for the Deity of Christ

Christological Issues4,415 words22 min

The Lord’s Prayer – More Proof for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun The Lord Jesus, in his instructions to the disciples, taught them to pray in the…

The Lord Jesus Christ – The Son of God who is Equal with the Father in Essence

Christological Issues6,357 words32 min

The Lord Jesus Christ – The Son of God who is Equal with the Father in Essence Sam Shamoun According to the blessed Apostle Paul, the Lord Jesus…

Answers to 12 Anti-Trinitarian Arguments

Christological Issues6,530 words33 min

Answers to 12 Anti-Trinitarian Arguments Sam Shamoun The following article is a response to a Muslim that issued the following 12 arguments against…

60 Questions For The Christians Answered - Part 1

Christological Issues14,323 words72 min

"60 Questions For The Christians" Answered Part 1: Trinity By Sam Shamoun Some years ago, _Alharamain Foundation_ published "60 Question for the…

Top Ten Reasons Why Shahid's Attacks on Christ's Deity Fail to Accomplish Their Purpose

Christological Issues9,540 words48 min

Top Ten Reasons Why Shahid's Attacks on Christ's Deity Fail to Accomplish Their Purpose Sam Shamoun Muslim polemicist Shahid bin Waheed wrote an…

Origen's Christology: A Response to the Cults

Christological Issues10,970 words55 min

Origen's Christology: A Response to the Cults Sam Shamoun It is common for heretics and apostates like Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims to misquote…

Jesus or Muhammad: Who is God's True Seal of Prophethood?

Christological Issues5,728 words29 min

Jesus or Muhammad: Who is God's True Seal of Prophethood? Sam Shamoun The Quran claims that Muhammad is God's seal of prophethood, and therefore the…

The Jewish Messiah And The Prophet of Islam

Christological Issues20,845 words104 min

The Jewish Messiah And The Prophet of Islam Sam Shamoun In this section of our Christian-Islamic studies, it will be our specific goal to contrast…

The Concept of Messiah in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran

Christological Issues7,377 words37 min

The Concept of Messiah in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran An Examination of the Person and Work of God’s Anointed One Sam Shamoun The Hebrew Bible…

The Messiah as Israel’s God and King

Christological Issues7,396 words37 min

The Messiah as Israel’s God and King More Evidence from the Hebrew Bible for the Deity of the Messiah Sam Shamoun This is a continuation of our…

Jesus as the Judge of All the Earth

Christological Issues3,710 words19 min

Jesus as the Judge of All the Earth Additional Evidence from the New Testament for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun According to the Hebrews…

Jesus' Divine Claims and Islam: An Examination of Biblical Christology

Christological Issues5,527 words28 min

Jesus’ Divine Claims and Islam An Examination of Biblical Christology In Light of the Quranic View of Allah’s Attributes Sam Shamoun A major point of…

Examining Jesus’ Divine Claims In Light of the Quranic View of Allah’s Names and Attributes

Christological Issues3,067 words15 min

Examining Jesus’ Divine Claims In Light of the Quranic View of Allah’s Names and Attributes Sam Shamoun In these articles (1, 2) we examined Jesus’…

The Dead Sea Scrolls and God’s Uniplurality: Some Observations on Melchizedek

Christological Issues5,927 words30 min

The Dead Sea Scrolls and God’s Uniplurality Some Observations on Melchizedek Sam Shamoun Between 1947 and 1956, roughly 870 documents were discovered…

Al-Tabari On Jesus' Last Days

Christological Issues4,556 words23 min

Al-Tabari On the Birth, Life, Death and Ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ Sam Shamoun It is common to hear modern Muslims claim that Jesus did not…

Christian Response to Dr. Jamal Badawi's "Jesus in the Qur'an and the

Christological Issues3,357 words17 min

Christians Respond To: Dr. Jamal Badawi's _Jesus Christ in the Qur'an and the Bible_ Part I Sam Shamoun Dr. Jamal Badawi is considered to be North…

Christian Response to Dr. Jamal Badawi's "Jesus in the Qur'an and the Bible", Part II

Christological Issues4,319 words22 min

Christians Respond To: Dr. Jamal Badawi's _Jesus Christ in the Qur'an and the Bible_ Part II Sam Shamoun This study is a sequel to our previous…

Christian Response to: Dr. Jamal Badawi's "Jesus in the Qur'an and the Bible" Part III

Christological Issues12,086 words60 min

Christians Respond To: Dr. Jamal Badawi's _Jesus Christ in the Qur'an and Bible_ Part III Sam Shamoun > JESUS IN THE QUR'AN > > 1\. PRAISE FOR MARY…

The Birth Narratives of Jesus in the Quran : A Christian Analysis

Christological Issues2,777 words14 min

The Birth Narratives of Jesus in the Quran A Christian Analysis Sam Shamoun A common Muslim accusation leveled against the Holy Bible is the…

The Quran Agrees: Jesus is the most Exalted of all

Christological Issues1,674 words8 min

The Quran Agrees: Jesus is the most Exalted of all Sam Shamoun Muslims, and certain Islamic narrations, claim that Muhammad is the most exalted of…

The Quran Also Agrees: Jesus Is the Most High!

Christological Issues664 words3 min

The Quran Also Agrees: Jesus Is the Most High! Sam Shamoun In this article and rebuttal we documented from God’s true Word that Jesus is the Divine…

Jesus as the Mercy of Allah: More Quranic Evidence for the Divinity of Christ

Christological Issues3,621 words18 min

Jesus as the Mercy of Allah More Quranic Evidence for the Divinity of Christ Sam Shamoun The Quran says that Muhammad was sent as a mercy to…

Jesus Christ: Islam’s Greatest Prophet and Messenger

Christological Issues9,345 words47 min

Jesus Christ: Islam’s Greatest Prophet and Messenger Sam Shamoun This is a continuation of our series of writings and rebuttals where we document…

Mary in the Islamic Perspective: Additional Proof for Jesus’ Superiority over the Prophet of Islam

Christological Issues9,020 words45 min

Mary in the Islamic Perspective: Additional Proof for Jesus’ Superiority over the Prophet of Islam Sam Shamoun The Quran and Islamic literature say…

Mary the Mother of Jesus: A Houri in Paradise?

Christological Issues3,082 words15 min

Mary the Mother of Jesus: A Houri in Paradise? Sam Shamoun The Quran and Muslim tradition teach that men in Paradise will be given young maidens for…

Jesus is from the Seed of David

Christological Issues3,411 words17 min

Shahid Bin Waheed’s Lies Exposed: Paul Was Correct - Jesus IS FROM the Seed of David! This article is a response directed towards Shahid Bin Waheed’s…

Jesus in the Rabbinic Traditions

Christological Issues3,297 words16 min

JESUS IN THE RABBINIC TRADITIONS Sam Shamoun The following article will briefly examine some of the Jewish rabbinic references on the person and work…

An Examination of the Uniqueness of Christ In A Pluralistic Age

Christological Issues5,176 words26 min

An Examination of the Uniqueness of Christ In A Pluralistic Age Sam Shamoun In this day of ethnic diversity and religious pluralism, it is often…

Jesus Christ – The Absolutely and Essentially Good God

Christological Issues1,062 words5 min

Jesus Christ – The Absolutely and Essentially Good God Sam Shamoun This will be quick and to the point since it is intended to take a common…

An Articulation of the Incarnation

Christological Issues4,668 words23 min

An Articulation of the Doctrine of the Glorious Incarnation Sam Shamoun Here we are going to provide a definition of what Christianity means by the…

The Messiah Our Righteousness Has Come! Pt. 1

Christological Issues1,357 words7 min

The Messiah Our Righteousness Has Come! Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Muslim polemicist Paul Bilal Williams recently published a blog post where he tries to pit…

Jesus Christ – God’s Salvation Has Come!

Christological Issues1,421 words7 min

Jesus Christ – God’s Salvation Has Come! Sam Shamoun Muslim polemicist Paul Williams is at it again with his jihad against the Christian faith by his…

Refuting Islam’s Favorite Rabbi Pt. 1a

Christological Issues1,858 words9 min

Refuting Islam’s Favorite Rabbi Pt. 1a Sam Shamoun I am going to be tackling noted anti-Christian and Muslim darling rabbi Tovia Singer’s article,…

Refuting Islam’s Favorite Rabbi Pt. 1b

Christological Issues2,873 words14 min

Refuting Islam’s Favorite Rabbi Pt. 1b Sam Shamoun In this part of my rebuttal I am going to cite from James and Hebrews, the very books that Singer…

Islam’s Bad News versus the Good News of Jesus Christ Pt. 1

Christological Issues1,615 words8 min

Islam’s Bad News versus the Good News of Jesus Christ Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Of the three so-called Abrahamic faiths, Islam happens to be the only one…

Islam’s Bad News versus the Good News of Jesus Christ Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,248 words11 min

Islam’s Bad News versus the Good News of Jesus Christ Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun Continuing from where we previously left off, it is time to contrast Islam’s…

Our Great God and Savior Jesus Christ!

Christological Issues2,499 words12 min

Our Great God and Savior Jesus Christ! Sam Shamoun In the following verses, both the blessed Apostles and Servants of Christ, Paul and Peter, lavish…

Our Great God and Savior Chart

Christological Issues1,648 words8 min

Our Great God and Savior Sam Shamoun The following chart lists all the places in the Hebrew Bible and Christian Greek Scriptures where the word…

Jesus Saves Exactly the Way God Saves

Christological Issues2,840 words14 min

Jesus Saves Exactly the Way God Saves – Since Jesus is God Incarnate! Sam Shamoun The inspired Scriptures teach that Yahweh alone is able to save…

The Eternally Praised God

Christological Issues2,274 words11 min

The Eternally Praised God Sam Shamoun In this post we are going to present a chart listing all the verses where the inspired NT authors offer…

Worshiping the Lord Jesus as Jehovah God Almighty

Christological Issues2,034 words10 min

Worshiping the Lord Jesus as Jehovah God Almighty Sam Shamoun In the following chart we will list just some of the many passages showing that the…

The One Worthy of All Praise and Honor Pt. 1

Christological Issues2,589 words13 min

The One Who Is Truly Worthy of All Praise and Honor Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to look to God’s Word, the Holy Bible, to see who…

The One Worthy of All Praise and Glory Pt. 2

Christological Issues3,482 words17 min

The One Who Is Truly Worthy of All Praise and Glory Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue our discussion of the praise and honor that the Lord Jesus receives…

Worshiping Jesus as God: The Issue of David Pt. 1

Christological Issues4,017 words20 min

Worshiping Jesus as God: The Issue of David Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Some anti-Trinitarian groups like the Jehovah’s Witnesses love to appeal to the…

Worshiping Jesus as God: The Issue of David Pt. 2

Christological Issues1,772 words9 min

Worshiping Jesus as God: The Issue of David Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun Continuing from where we left off we are going to provide further examples of Jesus…

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus 1

Christological Issues1,310 words7 min

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus – But Worship Him Instead! Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun When the Lord Jesus went into the wilderness in the fullness of the Holy…

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus 2

Christological Issues2,833 words14 min

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus – But Worship Him Instead! Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off by examining what Matthew and Luke have…

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus 3a

Christological Issues1,615 words8 min

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus – But Worship Him Instead! Pt. 3a Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion by focusing on the worship which the Lord Jesus…

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus 3b

Christological Issues1,813 words9 min

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus – But Worship Him Instead! Pt. 3b Sam Shamoun We proceed from where we left off. Third Case All three Gospels record an…

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus 3c

Christological Issues2,370 words12 min

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus – But Worship Him Instead! Pt. 3c Sam Shamoun We proceed from where we previously left off. Sixth Case In this next…

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus 4

Christological Issues2,517 words13 min

Do Not Tempt the Lord Jesus – But Worship Him Instead! Pt. 4 Sam Shamoun We have arrived at the final part of our discussion. Yahweh God Has Come!…

Worshiping Jesus as God Pt. 1

Christological Issues1,068 words5 min

Worshiping Jesus as God Pt. 1 Another Anti-Trinitarian Objection Refuted Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to take another objection which…

Worshiping Jesus as God Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,715 words14 min

Worshiping Jesus as God Pt. 2 Another Anti-Trinitarian Objection Refuted Sam Shamoun We proceed from where we left off. B. Jesus Christ is worshiped.…

Even the Demons Know that Jesus is God Incarnate and Tremble! Pt. 1

Christological Issues4,659 words23 min

Even the Demons Know that Jesus is God Incarnate And Tremble! Part 1 Sam Shamoun The Quran expressly prohibits serving someone other than Allah as…

Even the Demons Know that Jesus is God Incarnate and Tremble! Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,847 words14 min

Even the Demons Know that Jesus is God Incarnate And Tremble! Part 2 Sam Shamoun We proceed with our discussion. Christ’s absolute dominance over the…

A Response to Bart Ehrman Pt. 1

Christological Issues1,472 words7 min

The Synoptic Gospels on Jesus’ Divine Preexistence – A Reply to Bart Ehrman Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Muslim convert-turned apostate-turned Muslim convert…

A Response to Bart Ehrman Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,715 words14 min

The Synoptic Gospels on Jesus’ Divine Preexistence – A Reply to Bart Ehrman Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume from where we left off previously. Just in…

OT Appearances of Christ as the Angel of God

Christological Issues1,183 words6 min

Scholarly Support for Christ being the OT Angel of Yahweh Sam Shamoun The following is taken from the _Holman Old Testament Commentary: Nahum,…

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Pt. 1

Christological Issues2,881 words14 min

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? More Evidence of Biblical Corruption? Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Certain Muslim polemicists have capitalized on the differences…

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Pt. 2

Christological Issues3,427 words17 min

Is Jesus God's Servant or Son? More Evidence of Biblical Corruption? Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. Third Assumption – Jesus…

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Pt. 3

Christological Issues1,943 words10 min

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? More Evidence of Biblical Corruption? Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun In this part of the rebuttal we are going to examine the…

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Pt. 4

Christological Issues2,544 words13 min

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? More Evidence of Biblical Corruption? Pt. 4 Sam Shamoun We resume our discussion of the meaning of _pais_ in relation…

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Pt. 5

Christological Issues2,002 words10 min

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? More Evidence of Biblical Corruption? Pt. 5 Sam Shamoun We now come to the fifth part of our discussion. The Servant…

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Pt. 6

Christological Issues2,360 words12 min

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? More Evidence of Biblical Corruption? Pt. 6 Sam Shamoun This brings us to the final part of our rebuttal. The Arm of…

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Addendum A

Christological Issues2,018 words10 min

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Addendum A The Jewish Exegesis of Isaiah 52:13 Sam Shamoun In this section we will be citing specific Jewish sources…

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Addendum B

Christological Issues1,093 words5 min

Is Jesus God’s Servant or Son? Addendum B Sam Shamoun We have now arrived at the second and final addendum. The relationship of Isaiah 52:13-53:12 to…

The Deity of Christ and the New World Translation Pt. 1

Christological Issues4,351 words22 min

The Deity of Christ and the New World Translation Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Since Muslim apologists are fond of using the arguments of the Jehovah’s…

The Deity of Christ and the New World Translation Pt. 2

Christological Issues4,316 words22 min

The Deity of Christ and the New World Translation Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. 7\. Who is the Alpha and Omega, First and the…

Seeing the unseen God Pt. 1

Christological Issues2,505 words13 min

Seeing the unseen God – Addressing a typical JW objection to the Deity of Christ Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun This is another objection of the Jehovah’s…

Seeing the unseen God Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,633 words13 min

Seeing the unseen God – Addressing a typical JW objection to the Deity of Christ Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. This next OT…

Whose Seed Shall the Messiah See?

Christological Issues6,526 words33 min

Whose Seed Shall the Messiah See? Sam Shamoun The prophet Isaiah spoke of a righteous Servant whom God would exalt after having offered his life as…

Jesus Christ – the Savior of the World

Christological Issues3,454 words17 min

Jesus Christ – the Savior of the World How the NT Depiction of Christ as Savior Points to His Deity Sam Shamoun According to the Holy Bible,…

Who Are The People That Christ Saves From Their Sins?

Christological Issues4,210 words21 min

Who Are The People That Christ Saves From Their Sins? Sam Shamoun Some Muslims have attempted to use the following texts, “She will bear a Son; and…

Jesus Christ – The Son Who Voluntarily Chose to Die for Humanity

Christological Issues2,013 words10 min

Jesus Christ – The Son of God Who Voluntarily Chose to Die for Me Sam Shamoun Muslim apologists are fond of pitting the Lord Jesus against his…

Jesus Christ – The Eternal Word Become Flesh

Christological Issues3,677 words18 min

Jesus Christ – The Eternal Word Become Flesh Sam Shamoun John’s Gospel contains a prologue (1:1-18) which portrays Jesus as the eternal Word (Gr.…

Who did Abraham See?

Christological Issues2,548 words13 min

Who did Abraham See? By Sam Shamoun The Holy Scriptures emphatically teach that Yahweh God Almighty personally appeared to Abraham on several…

A Scholar's Biblical Summation of the Deity of Christ

Christological Issues1,436 words7 min

A Conservative Christian Scholar’s Biblical Summation Of the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun In another article…

John MacArthur’s Exposition of our Lord’s Use of Psalm 110:1

Christological Issues2,035 words10 min

John MacArthur’s Exposition of our Lord’s Use of Psalm 110:1 Sam Shamoun In light of our recent rebuttal to Paul Williams’ post of a meme from a…

Jesus Christ – The Omniscient Son of God

Christological Issues2,413 words12 min

Jesus Christ – The Omniscient Son of God Sam Shamoun In this article, I will be quoting verses from the New Testament writings to affirm that the…

Revisiting Christ’s Ignorance of the Day or Hour

Christological Issues3,877 words19 min

Revisiting Christ’s Ignorance of the Day or Hour Sam Shamoun We have already written quite extensively on the subject of Jesus not knowing the day or…

The Incomprehensible and Omniscient Son of God

Christological Issues5,045 words25 min

The Incomprehensible and Omniscient Son of God Sam Shamoun The God-breathed Scriptures teach that the Lord Jesus is the unique, divine Son of God who…

Christ - He Who is Above All

Christological Issues4,144 words21 min

Jesus Christ – The Sovereign Lord Who is Above All Sam Shamoun The inspired Scriptures proclaim that Yahweh is exalted above all the nations as their…

Jesus Christ – The Divine King of Creation

Christological Issues5,882 words29 min

Jesus Christ – The Divine King of Creation Sam Shamoun A further line of evidence from John’s Gospel that Jesus Christ is actually Yahweh God in the…

Christ As The God Who Knows The Day of His Coming

Christological Issues1,669 words8 min

The Lord Jesus Christ – The God Who Knows The Day of His Coming Sam Shamoun In the following articles and rebuttals, Revisiting the Omniscience of…

Jesus Christ – YHWH Ha Adon Incarnate!

Christological Issues3,825 words19 min

Jesus Christ – YHWH Ha Adon Incarnate! Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to show how the NT writers took a specific title of Yahweh, namely…

Jesus Christ - The Divine Lord of Glory [Part 1]

Christological Issues3,307 words17 min

Jesus Christ – The Divine Lord of Glory Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In what is commonly referred to as his high priestly prayer to the Father, the Lord Jesus…

Jesus Christ - The Divine Lord of Glory [Part 2]

Christological Issues4,996 words25 min

Jesus Christ – The Divine Lord of Glory Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume from where we left off. God’s Glory equated with His Praise and Honor Another…

Isaiah and the Glory of the Preincarnate Christ

Christological Issues4,606 words23 min

Whose Glory Did Isaiah See? The Views of Scholars and Apologists Sam Shamoun The following is meant to go with this article. It probably wouldn’t be…

Jesus The Divine Son - A Markan Perspective [Part 1]

Christological Issues3,071 words15 min

Jesus as the Divine Son of God – A Markan Perspective Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Muslim apologists are fond of making the assertion that John is the only…

Jesus The Divine Son - A Markan Perspective [Part 2]

Christological Issues3,433 words17 min

Jesus as the Divine Son of God – A Markan Perspective Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. Lest we be accused of reading too much…

Jesus is as old as God! [Part 1]

Christological Issues4,508 words23 min

The Hebrew Bible Testifies: The Messiah Is As Old As God is! Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to revisit one of the OT passages which…

Jesus is as old as God! [Part 2]

Christological Issues2,012 words10 min

The Hebrew Bible Testifies – The Messiah Is As Old As God is! Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. Now it begins to make sense The…

Jesus is as old as God! [Part 3]

Christological Issues3,503 words18 min

The Hebrew Bible Testifies – The Messiah Is As Old As God is! Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We come to the final part of our discussion. The Rabbinic and…

Jesus – The Shema’s One Lord [Part 1]

Christological Issues7,244 words36 min

Jesus Christ – The One Lord Revealed in the Old Testament Scriptures Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Yahweh is the only God worthy of worship The following verses…

Jesus – The Shema’s One Lord [Part 2]

Christological Issues5,780 words29 min

Jesus Christ – The One Lord Revealed in the Old Testament Scriptures Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue with our discussion. Paul’s Reformulation of the…

Jesus – The Shema’s One Lord [Addendum]

Christological Issues4,937 words25 min

Jesus Christ – The One Lord Revealed in the Old Testament Scriptures Addendum The Father is the only true God in contrast to whom? Sam Shamoun A…

Jesus Superior To The Heavenly Host [Part 1]

Christological Issues5,236 words26 min

The Lord Jesus Christ – The God of the heavenly assembly! Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Introduction Anti-Trinitarians often appeal to the following passage to…

Jesus Superior To The Heavenly Host [Part 2]

Christological Issues5,016 words25 min

The Lord Jesus Christ – The God of the heavenly assembly! Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue with our discussion of the Biblical witness to Christ being…

Jesus Superior To The Heavenly Host [Appendix A]

Christological Issues1,056 words5 min

Appendix A The Lord Jesus Christ – The God whose glory the OT saints beheld Sam Shamoun This is an appendix to my two-part discussion on Jesus being…

Jesus Superior To The Heavenly Host [Appendix B]

Christological Issues2,560 words13 min

Appendix B The members of the heavenly council recognize God’s unique Son Sam Shamoun This is the second appendix to my two-part discussion on Jesus…

The Use of Exclusive Language and the Deity of Christ [Part 1]

Christological Issues8,491 words42 min

Refuting the Deity of Christ? Understanding How the Use of Exclusive Language Functions in the Holy Bible [Part 1] Sam Shamoun Anti-Trinitarian…

The Use of Exclusive Language and the Deity of Christ [Part 2]

Christological Issues6,496 words32 min

Refuting the Deity of Christ? Understanding How the Use of Exclusive Language Functions in the Holy Bible [Part 2] Sam Shamoun We continue our…

Jesus' Claims to being the Messiah are claims to Deity

Christological Issues6,936 words35 min

The Divine Messiah Has Come! How Jesus’ Claims to Messiahship prove he is God Sam Shamoun Muslims often challenge Christians to produce verses from…

The Messiah Most High Pt. 1a

Christological Issues2,566 words13 min

The Messiah Most High Pt. 1a Sam Shamoun This is a continuation of our previous discussion concerning the Old Testament’s witness to the divinity of…

The Messiah Most High Pt. 1b

Christological Issues1,558 words8 min

The Messiah Most High Pt. 1b Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. Here is another passage which affirms the absolute divine identity of…

The Messiah Most High Pt. 2a

Christological Issues2,246 words11 min

The Messiah Most High Pt. 2a Sam Shamoun Continuing from the previous part, we now turn our attention to uncovering the identity of the divine King…

The Messiah Most High Pt. 2b

Christological Issues1,933 words10 min

The Messiah Most High Pt. 2b Sam Shamoun We proceed with our analysis. David’s Sovereign Lord Jesus not only referred to himself as the Son of Man of…

The Messiah on Yahweh’s Throne Pt. 1

Christological Issues1,462 words7 min

The Messiah on Yahweh’s Throne – The NT Witness to Jesus’ Divine Sovereignty over all Creation Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this section of our series I am…

The Messiah on Yahweh’s Throne Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,124 words11 min

The Messiah on Yahweh’s Throne – The NT Witness to Jesus’ Divine Sovereignty over all Creation Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off.…

The Messiah on Yahweh’s Throne – Addendum

Christological Issues3,320 words17 min

The Messiah on Yahweh’s Throne – Addendum Sam Shamoun In this section of our series we are going to be responding to some of the common objections…

Does the OT Predict that the Messiah Would be Resurrected on the Third Day? [Part 1]

Christological Issues1,824 words9 min

Does the OT predict that the Messiah Would be resurrected on the third day? Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun One will often find Muslim dawagandists appealing to…

Does the OT Predict that the Messiah Would be Resurrected on the Third Day? [Part 2]

Christological Issues3,894 words19 min

Does the OT predict that the Messiah Would be resurrected on the third day? Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We resume with our reply. The other problem we have…

Does the OT Predict that the Messiah Would be Resurrected on the Third Day? [Part 3]

Christological Issues3,349 words17 min

Does the OT predict that the Messiah Would be resurrected on the third day? Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We continue our examination of the OT writings in order…

Does the OT Predict that the Messiah Would be Resurrected on the Third Day? [Part 4]

Christological Issues3,306 words17 min

Does the OT predict that the Messiah Would be resurrected on the third day? Pt. 4 Sam Shamoun We now come to the final part of our discussion. The…

The Divine Messiah Revisited Pt. 1

Christological Issues2,679 words13 min

The Divine Messiah Revisited Even More OT Proof for the Messiah’s Godhead Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to present additional proof…

The Divine Messiah Revisited Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,305 words12 min

The Divine Messiah Revisited Even More OT Proof for the Messiah’s Godhead Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun Who Justifies and Saves? Continuing from where we left…

The Divine Messiah Revisited Pt. 3a

Christological Issues1,496 words7 min

The Divine Messiah Revisited Even More OT Proof for the Messiah’s Godhead Pt. 3a Sam Shamoun The Divine Messiah Has Come! In this part of our…

The Divine Messiah Revisited Pt. 3b

Christological Issues3,520 words18 min

The Divine Messiah Revisited Even More OT Proof for the Messiah’s Godhead Pt. 3b Sam Shamoun In this section we are going to take a look at what the…

Jesus as the First Creature and the Irrationality of Arianism

Christological Issues4,145 words21 min

Jesus as the First Creature The Impossibility and Irrationality of the Arian Position Sam Shamoun Muslim apologists are fond of quoting…

Jesus Meets the Criteria for Deity

Christological Issues8,787 words44 min

Jesus and the Criteria for Deity Additional Evidence that the NT Documents affirm the absolute Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun According to Biblical…

Jesus Meets the Criteria for Deity -- Addendum

Christological Issues6,140 words31 min

Addendum A Critique of James D. G. Dunn’s Assessment of Paul’s Worship of Christ Sam Shamoun This article is a supplement to [Jesus and the Criteria…

Jesus' Deity in light of the Psalms

Christological Issues4,791 words24 min

Examining the Deity of the Lord Jesus in light of the theology of Psalms Sam Shamoun The Psalms have a lot to say concerning the character and works…

Trusting in Yahweh’s Divine Royal Son [Part 1]

Christological Issues4,044 words20 min

Trusting in Yahweh’s Divine Royal Son Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun According to the Psalms, Yahweh expects all the rulers of the earth to submit to the rule of…

Trusting in Yahweh’s Divine Royal Son [Part 2]

Christological Issues4,294 words21 min

Trusting in Yahweh’s Divine Royal Son Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. Could such things be said about David or any of the other…

Christ – Our Hope and Trust

Christological Issues2,031 words10 min

Christ – Our Hope and Trust More Proofs for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun Other parts in this series can be found here:…

Christ as the Divine Amen

Christological Issues1,962 words10 min

Christ as the Divine Amen More Proofs for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun Earlier parts of this series can be found here:…

Appearances of Christ in Daniel

Christological Issues13,606 words68 min

Divine Encounters of the OT – The book of Daniel’s witness to God’s Uniplurality Sam Shamoun The canonical book of Daniel is a truly fascinating…

Daniel's Son of Man as the Messiah

Christological Issues6,083 words30 min

The Son of Man as the Son of David Examining the OT Evidence for The Messianic Identity of Daniel’s Heavenly Figure Sam Shamoun Sometime in the sixth…

The Christology of Luke

Christological Issues10,462 words52 min

The Christology of Luke-Acts Additional Evidence for the absolute Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to look at specific…

More Hints from Luke’s Gospel to Christ’s Divine Identity

Christological Issues3,911 words20 min

More Hints from Luke’s Gospel to Christ’s Divine Identity Jesus as the Object of Divine Worship Sam Shamoun The Gospel of Luke records an incident…

Patristic Evidence for Luke 23:34

Christological Issues2,340 words12 min

Patristic Evidence for Luke 23:34 Sam Shamoun The following is a list of citations from various church fathers which confirm that Jesus’ prayer to…

Carmen Christi: Worshiping Christ as God

Christological Issues11,765 words59 min

Carmen Christi Worshiping Christ as God Sam Shamoun Pliny the Younger, a Gentile governor of the Bithynia, in his correspondence with the emperor…

Revisiting the Deity of Christ in Light of the Carmen Christi Pt. 1

Christological Issues6,239 words31 min

Jesus Christ – The Eternal Yahweh Who Became Flesh Revisiting the Issue of Jesus Receiving the Divine Name According to Philippians 2:9 Sam Shamoun…

Revisiting the Deity of Christ in Light of the Carmen Christi Pt. 2

Christological Issues9,253 words46 min

Jesus Christ – The Eternal Yahweh Who Became Flesh Revisiting the Issue of Jesus Receiving the Divine Name According to Philippians 2:9 Pt. 2 Sam…

Jesus’ Post-Resurrection Status and Equality with God the Father

Christological Issues5,786 words29 min

Excursus Jesus’ Post-Resurrection Status and Equality with God the Father Sam Shamoun This excursus supplements the article _Revisiting the Deity of…

Jesus who is over all, God blessed forever! (Romans 9:5) [Part 1]

Christological Issues10,503 words53 min

Jesus Christ – He who is over all, God blessed forever! [Part 1] Sam Shamoun In one of the earliest NT writings the blessed Apostle Paul refers to…

Jesus who is over all, God blessed forever! (Romans 9:5) [Part 2]

Christological Issues7,763 words39 min

Jesus Christ – He who is over all, God blessed forever! [Part 2] Revisiting Paul’s Christology Sam Shamoun It is asserted that it is rather unlikely…

More Proof That Jesus Is Absolutely Good and Holy

Christological Issues1,746 words9 min

More Proof Of Jesus’ Absolute Goodness and Essential Purity This article is intended to supplement the following responses, How can Jesus be God when…

Even More Proof That Jesus Is Absolutely Good And Therefore Absolutely Divine!

Christological Issues2,854 words14 min

Even More Proof That Jesus Is Absolutely Good And Therefore Absolutely Divine! Sam Shamoun This particular article is meant to go along with this…

God Alone is Good

Christological Issues2,248 words11 min

God Alone is Good Jesus must therefore be God Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to take a typical anti-Trinitarian argument, one often…

God Alone is Good Pt. 2

Christological Issues1,504 words8 min

God Alone is Good Jesus must therefore be God Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. Christ’s impeccable and infallible nature insures…

He Who Comes – Even More Proof for the Deity of Christ

Christological Issues4,134 words21 min

He Who Comes – More Explicit Evidence for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to present evidence to establish that both the…

More Proof That Paul Thought That Jesus Is God

Christological Issues2,487 words12 min

Jesus Christ – The Risen Son of God and the Exalted Lord of glory! More Evidence that Paul thought of Jesus as God Sam Shamoun Scholars have long…

What did the Apostle Peter really believe about Jesus?

Christological Issues10,060 words50 min

What did the Apostle Peter really believe about Jesus? An Examination of Peter’s Christological Views Sam Shamoun Introduction It is common to find…

Jewish Christology [Part 1]

Christological Issues4,625 words23 min

Jewish Christology Pt. 1 An examination of early Jewish Christian beliefs in the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun Introduction Muslims have started to…

Jewish Christology [Part 2]

Christological Issues4,392 words22 min

Jewish Christology Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue with our examination of the Epistles of James and Jude in order to provide additional evidence that…

Jewish Christology [Part 3]

Christological Issues5,043 words25 min

Jewish Christology Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We have come to the final section of our examination. Jesus as the Sovereign Lord of the _Shema_ The following…

Scholars on the Christology of James and Jude

Christological Issues6,979 words35 min

The Christology of James and Jude What The Commentators and Scholars Are Saying Sam Shamoun Introduction In this specific section we will be quoting…

The First Christians As The Slaves of Jesus

Christological Issues4,767 words24 min

The Early Christian Proclamation: Christ as the Lord of All and Believers as the Slaves of Jesus Sam Shamoun The Quran claims that the disciples of…

More Evidence that Jesus and His Disciples Did Not Teach Islam

Christological Issues5,267 words26 min

More Evidence that Jesus and His Disciples Did Not Teach Islam Sam Shamoun Since the Quran argues that the followers of Christ were all Muslims (Q.…

Examining John 1:1 In Light of Jehovah Witness Doctrine

Christological Issues9,183 words46 min

Jesus as “a god” alongside God: Jehovah’s Witnesses and John 1:1 Sam Shamoun {Muslims occasionally use the writings of the JWs to support their…

Jesus as the Great I AM

Christological Issues9,885 words49 min

The Deity of Christ in light of Jesus’ I AM Statements Sam Shamoun In this article we are going to analyze Jesus’ I AM pronouncements in light of the…

Jesus as the Great I AM Excursus

Christological Issues2,654 words13 min

Excursus – An I AM saying in the earliest Gospel Sam Shamoun In one of John’s I AM sayings Jesus walks on the sea in a clear display of his sovereign…

The Early Church Fathers On John 8:58

Christological Issues9,377 words47 min

The Early Church Fathers on John 8:58 Sam Shamoun In this particular article we will be quoting from the writings of the early church fathers, the…

Jesus and Yahweh's Name

Christological Issues4,451 words22 min

Yahweh is one, Yahweh alone Examining the Deity of Christ in light of the Divine Name Sam Shamoun The inspired prophetic writings testify that the…

More on Jesus as the Bearer of the Divine Name

Christological Issues3,919 words20 min

The Significance of Jesus’ Name in Acts – More Proof for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun According to the Hebrew Scriptures there is only one who is…

Yahweh Becomes Jesus

Christological Issues6,006 words30 min

Yeshua (Jesus) – the Name above all names! Sam Shamoun Since Muslims are fond of pointing to Song of Solomon 5:16 as a prophecy of Muhammad by name…

Yahweh Our Kinsman-Redeemer Has Come

Christological Issues10,304 words52 min

Yahweh – Our Kinsman Redeemer Has Come! Sam Shamoun According to the Hebrew Bible Yahweh commanded that if there is an Israelite who either sells off…

Yahweh Our Sin-Bearer

Christological Issues2,862 words14 min

Yahweh Our Sin-Bearer: More Prophetic Hints of the Messiah’s Deity Sam Shamoun The Hebrew Bible describes God as bearing the sins of his people: “And…

Jesus as the Glory of Yahweh

Christological Issues5,321 words27 min

The Glory of Yahweh and the Exaltation of the Suffering Servant More proof for the Deity of Christ from the prophetic book of Isaiah Sam Shamoun In…

The Lord Jesus Christ – The Divine Recipient of Worship

Christological Issues5,187 words26 min

The Lord Jesus Christ – The Divine Recipient of Worship Examining the Synoptic Gospels’ use of proskyneo in relation to Christ Sam Shamoun According…

The Incomprehensible Nature of God and his Son

Christological Issues5,547 words28 min

The Incomprehensible Nature of God and his Son Examining the Old Testament Witness to God’s Uni-Plurality Sam Shamoun There is a specific text in the…

The incomprehensible Son of God and sovereign Lord of all creation

Christological Issues7,004 words35 min

Jesus Christ – The incomprehensible Son of God and sovereign Lord of all creation Sam Shamoun In this article we will be examining Proverbs 30:3-4 in…

Is Jesus Christ the Archangel Michael?

Christological Issues9,852 words49 min

Jesus Christ – The Archangel Michael or Michael’s Creator? Sam Shamoun There are certain pseudo-Christian cults such as the Jehovah Witnesses which…

The Inter-Testamental Jewish Literature and the Deity of the Lord Jesus

Christological Issues2,858 words14 min

The Inter-Testamental Jewish Literature and the Deity of the Lord Jesus Additional Evidence for the Son’s Consubstantiality with the Father Sam…

The Inter-Testamental Jewish Literature and the Deity of the Lord Jesus [Part 2]

Christological Issues1,122 words6 min

The Inter-Testamental Jewish Literature and the Deity of the Lord Jesus Pt. 2 Jesus Christ – The God who gathers his people Sam Shamoun The Hebrew…

The Inter-Testamental Jewish Literature and the Deity of the Lord Jesus [Part 3]

Christological Issues4,044 words20 min

The Inter-Testamental Jewish Literature and the Deity of the Lord Jesus Pt. 3 Examining Christ’s Divinity in light of the Greek Additions to Esther…

The Glorious Splendor and Majesty of King Messiah Pt. 1

Christological Issues1,592 words8 min

The Glorious Splendor and Majesty of King Messiah Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun In this particular article we are going to be examining the Hebrew Bible to see…

The Glorious Splendor and Majesty of King Messiah Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,029 words10 min

The Glorious Splendor and Majesty of King Messiah Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. The Messiah is the divine Son that shares in…

The Glorious Splendor and Majesty of King Messiah Pt. 3

Christological Issues2,830 words14 min

The Glorious Splendor and Majesty of King Messiah Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We now come to the final part of our discussion. As far as the inspired Christian…

The Glory and Splendor of King Messiah – Addendum

Christological Issues2,026 words10 min

The Glory and Splendor of King Messiah Addendum – Kiss the Son! Sam Shamoun Some Jewish anti-missionaries argue that translating the word _bar_ (ַּבר…

The Coming of Israel’s Divine Shepherd King Pt. 1a

Christological Issues1,212 words6 min

The Coming of Israel’s Divine Shepherd King Pt. 1a Sam Shamoun One King The Hebrew Bible proclaims that a time shall come when Israel shall have one…

The Coming of Israel’s Divine Shepherd King Pt. 1b

Christological Issues970 words5 min

The Coming of Israel’s Divine Shepherd King Pt. 1b Sam Shamoun We proceed with our discussion. One Shepherd On a related issue, the Old Testament…

The Coming of Israel’s Divine Shepherd King Pt. 2a

Christological Issues962 words5 min

The Coming of Israel’s Divine Shepherd King Pt. 2a Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. The Solution The Hebrew Bible provides the…

The Coming of Israel’s Divine Shepherd King Pt. 2b

Christological Issues2,271 words11 min

The Coming of Israel’s Divine Shepherd King Pt. 2b Sam Shamoun We arrive at the final part of our examination. The God-Man Has Arrived! According to…

The arrival of Israel’s Good Shepherd

Christological Issues3,700 words19 min

The arrival of Israel’s Good Shepherd – More proofs for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun According to the Holy Bible, Yahweh or Jehovah is Israel’s…

The Chief Shepherd of the Flock

Christological Issues4,396 words22 min

The Chief Shepherd of the Flock More Proofs for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun In one of our previous discussions, we saw how Yahweh or Jehovah is…

The Messiah in Jewish Traditions [Part 1]

Christological Issues5,780 words29 min

The Messiah in the Jewish Traditions Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Introduction Here we begin a series of articles where we will be looking to specific OT…

The Messiah in Jewish Traditions [Part 2]

Christological Issues6,831 words34 min

The Messiah in the Jewish Traditions Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun New Testament application of OT texts In this particular section of our series we will be…

The Messiah in Jewish Traditions [Part 3]

Christological Issues9,754 words49 min

The Messiah in the Jewish Traditions Pt. 3 The Witness of the Old Greek Version of the Hebrew Bible Sam Shamoun We resume our examination of some of…

The Messiah in Jewish Traditions [Part 3 Appendix]

Christological Issues3,879 words19 min

Appendix The Witness of Christian Apologist Justin Martyr [AD 100-165] Sam Shamoun Justin Martyr was an influential 2nd Christian apologist who wrote…

The God who reigns forever: More prophetic hints to the Deity of the Messiah

Christological Issues7,705 words39 min

The God who reigns forever More prophetic hints to the Deity of the Messiah Sam Shamoun In the inspired Hebrew Scriptures there is a particular Psalm…

Jesus – The Faithful Witness in the Skies [Part 1]

Christological Issues4,162 words21 min

Jesus – The Faithful Witness in the Skies God’s Covenant with King David Sam Shamoun The Holy Scriptures, in many places, refer to the covenant God…

Jesus – The Faithful Witness in the Skies [Part 2]

Christological Issues8,272 words41 min

Jesus – The Faithful Witness in the Skies We resume our exegesis of Psalm 89:37 concerning the faithful cloud witness. The Son of Man Comes – The…

A Muslim's Objections To The Trinity

Christological Issues3,068 words15 min

Trinity in the Holy Bible Pt. 1 Addressing Some Objections to the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun [Part 1 , Part 2, 2b, Part 3, 3b, Part 4, Part 5, Part…

What is God’s Will for Man According to Christ?

Christological Issues3,525 words18 min

What is God’s Will for Man According to Christ? Sam Shamoun There are Muslim apologists who are fond of quoting the following text to prove that…

Jesus’ Deity from an Islamic Perspective – Pt. 1

Christological Issues2,381 words12 min

Jesus’ Deity from an Islamic Perspective – Pt. 1 The Creator and Life-giver Sam Shamoun It is time to once again examine the claims which the Holy…

Jesus’ Deity from an Islamic Perspective – Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,783 words14 min

Jesus’ Deity from an Islamic Perspective – Pt. 2 Jesus as the Great and Exalted One Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left. The Quran says that…

Examining the Deity of Christ in light of his absolute moral perfection

Christological Issues7,051 words35 min

The Lord Jesus Christ – the Holy, Pure Son of God Examining the Deity of Christ in light of his absolute moral perfection Sam Shamoun The website…

Jesus' Divine Claims in light of Islamic Monotheism

Christological Issues7,935 words40 min

Revisiting the Deity of Christ and Islam A further examination of NT Christology in relation to Islamic monotheism Sam Shamoun Muslims believe that…

The Worship of Jesus in Light of Islamic Theology

Christological Issues3,989 words20 min

The Worship of Jesus in Light of Islamic Theology Sam Shamoun Muhammad is reported to have taught that invocation or supplication is the very essence…

Islam Agrees – Jesus Has No Beginning!

Christological Issues1,253 words6 min

Islam Agrees – Jesus Has No Beginning! How Muslim reasoning leads to belief in the uncreatedness of Christ Sam Shamoun This article will be quite…

On Jesus’ Similitude with Adam

Christological Issues3,339 words17 min

On Jesus’ Similitude with Adam Uncovering Another Quranic Dilemma Pt. 1 By Sam Shamoun In this series we will be revisiting the Quran’s assertion…

Is Jesus Really Like Adam After All?

Christological Issues3,711 words19 min

Is Jesus Really Like Adam After All? Revisiting the problem of the Quran’s likening Jesus to Adam Sam Shamoun The Quran seeks to deny the Deity of…

More on Islamic theology and Jesus' Divine Claims

Christological Issues8,731 words44 min

Islamic theology confirms That both Jesus and his followers claimed that he is God! Sam Shamoun In this article I have decided to once again compile…

The Deity of Christ and the Challenge of the Quran

Christological Issues8,292 words41 min

Meeting the challenge of the Quran concerning the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun The Muslim scripture challenges all those who call upon someone besides…

Jesus - An Essential Pillar of Islamic Monotheism

Christological Issues4,299 words21 min

Jesus Christ – An Essential Pillar of Islamic Monotheism Sam Shamoun According to specific Islamic sources Allah exalted Muhammad’s fame by…

Islam Testifies That Jesus Is Better Than Muhammad [Part 1]

Christological Issues5,647 words28 min

Islam Testifies: Christ Is Better Than And Superior To The Muslim Prophet! A Summation Of The Islamic Teaching Concerning Jesus And Muhammad Pt. 1…

Islam Testifies That Jesus Is Better Than Muhammad [Part 2]

Christological Issues3,526 words18 min

Islam Testifies: Christ Is Better Than And Superior To The Muslim Prophet! A Summation Of The Islamic Teaching Concerning Jesus And Muhammad Pt. 2…

Jesus Trumps Muhammad Again! [Part 1]

Christological Issues4,277 words21 min

The Muslim Christ Trumps the Prophet of Islam Again! Examining Muhammad’s and Jesus’ Roles as Intercessors Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun Introduction The amount…

Jesus Trumps Muhammad Again! [Part 2]

Christological Issues2,512 words13 min

The Muslim Christ Trumps the Prophet of Islam Again! Examining Muhammad’s and Jesus’ Roles as Intercessors Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We now resume with our…

More evidence that Jesus is infinitely better and greater than Muhammad

Christological Issues3,215 words16 min

More evidence that Jesus is infinitely Better And Greater than Muhammad Sam Shamoun Another area where Jesus’ superiority over Muhammad can be…

The Quran Agrees: Jesus is the Chosen Seed of Abraham

Christological Issues3,323 words17 min

The Quran Agrees: Jesus is the Chosen Seed of Abraham Sam Shamoun The inspired Scriptures plainly teach that God singled out Abraham from all the…

The Quran Agrees – Jesus is the Judge of the Earth

Christological Issues2,899 words14 min

Christ’s Role as Judge in Light of Islamic Theology Sam Shamoun According to Muslim teaching, some of Allah’s names include titles such as “the…

More Proof from the Quran that Jesus is God! Pt. 1

Christological Issues1,835 words9 min

More Proof from the Quran that Jesus is God Incarnate! Pt. 1 Sam Shamoun According to Muslim apologist Shabir Ally, Allah doesn’t demand moral…

More Proof from the Quran that Jesus is God! Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,819 words14 min

More Proof from the Quran that Jesus is God Incarnate! Pt. 2 Sam Shamoun We continue from where we left off. The sins of the Prophets The Quran not…

More Proof from the Quran that Jesus is God! Pt. 3

Christological Issues2,906 words15 min

More Proof from the Quran that Jesus is God Incarnate! Pt. 3 Sam Shamoun We come to the final part of our discussion. Jesus Christ – The Absolutely…

The Quran's Implicit Witness to Jesus being the Divine Lord

Christological Issues948 words5 min

The Quran Testifies: David and Elizabeth Worshiped Jesus as God! Sam Shamoun According to the Holy Bible, Jesus proclaimed that the prophet David was…

Christ – The Life-Giver

Christological Issues3,508 words18 min

Christ – The Life-Giver More Quranic Proof that Jesus is Equal to Allah Sam Shamoun The Quran repeatedly affirms that Allah is the one who is able to…

Jesus Christ – The Eternal Refuge of Believers

Christological Issues2,700 words14 min

Jesus Christ – The Eternal Refuge of Believers Sam Shamoun The Quran censures those who worship and call upon created objects that do not create…

The Messiah Jesus – More Than Human

Christological Issues3,499 words17 min

The Messiah Jesus – More Than Human Additional Quranic Proof for the Deity of Christ Sam Shamoun There is another way in which the Quran tacitly…

Jesus is Equal to Allah and Better than Muhammad!

Christological Issues1,879 words9 min

The Quran Testifies: Muhammad is not Equal to Jesus But Jesus is Equal to Allah! Sam Shamoun The Quran teaches that someone who cannot create is not…

Jesus is Equal to Allah and Better Than Muhammad Pt. 2

Christological Issues2,824 words14 min

The Quran Testifies: Jesus is Much Better And Greater than Muhammad (Pt. 2) Sam Shamoun In our previous discussion we saw how the Quran indicated…

More Islamic Evidence that Jesus is like Allah

Christological Issues2,206 words11 min

Christ as the Just Ruler and Judge – More Islamic Evidence that Jesus is like Allah Sam Shamoun In some of our previous discussions (1, 2, 3) we saw…

Islam asserts Jesus was Muslim—but the Quran does not demonstrate it

Christological Issues653 words3 min

FOUNDATIONAL QUESTIONS (TEXTUAL SILENCE) 1. Where in the Quran is Jesus (ʿĪsā) shown performing _salat_ in the Islamic form—with rukūʿ (bowing),…

Jesus is God and We Must Worship Him: Apostolic Confession, Patristic Witness, and Interfaith Theological Discourse

Christological Issues829 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract The confession of Jesus Christ as God remains the central tenet of Christian faith and…

Christ’s Finished Work and the Misconception of Prophetic Finality in Islam: An Intertextual and Hermeneutical Analysis

Christological Issues826 words4 min

_Christ’s Finished Work and the Misconception of Prophetic Finality in Islam: An Intertextual and Hermeneutical Analysis_ Author: Dr. Maxwell Shimba,…

The Finished Work of Christ and the Misconception of Prophetic Finality in Islam

Christological Issues786 words4 min

_The Finished Work of Christ and the Misconception of Prophetic Finality in Islam_ Author: Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract:…

Where are the names of the Apostles of Jesus (ʿĪsā ibn Maryam) in the Qu...

Christological Issues498 words2 min

Where are the names of the Apostles of Jesus (ʿĪsā ibn Maryam) in the Qur’an? If ʿĪsā was truly a Muslim—a servant of Allah preaching Islam—then his…

Only Jesus Gives Eternal Life

Christological Issues851 words4 min

Only Jesus Gives Eternal Life: A Theological Challenge to Allah and Muhammad By Dr. Maxwell Shimba – Shimba Theological Institute…

THE GREAT CHARACTERISTIC OF A KAFIR IS DENYING THAT JESUS IS THE SON OF GOD

Christological Issues1,188 words6 min

THE GREAT CHARACTERISTIC OF A KAFIR IS DENYING THAT JESUS IS THE SON OF GOD KAFIR IS NOT AN INSULT BUT SIMPLY A NAME THAT MEANS AN OPPONENT OF FAITH…

Old Testament Prophecies of the Messiah’s Sacrificial Death for Sin

Christological Issues1,353 words7 min

Old Testament Prophecies of the Messiah’s Sacrificial Death for Sin By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute A common question posed in…

Did the Old Testament Prophesy Jesus’ Death for the Forgiveness of Sins?

Christological Issues696 words3 min

Did the Old Testament Prophesy Jesus’ Death for the Forgiveness of Sins? By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute The question raised from…

God Speaks Through His Son: The Finality of Revelation in Christ

Christological Issues985 words5 min

God Speaks Through His Son: The Finality of Revelation in Christ _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract The Epistle to the…

Christian Theological Reflection: Prayer Fulfilled in Christ

Christological Issues433 words2 min

Christian Theological Reflection: Prayer Fulfilled in Christ The contrast between the Qur’an, Hadith, and the Christian faith reveals more than a…

Jesus is Not Isa bin Maryam: A Theological and Historical Challenge to Islamic Christology

Christological Issues1,110 words6 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This paper explores the sharp distinction between the Jesus of the New Testament and…

Jesus is Not Isa bin Maryam:

Christological Issues844 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba _Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction The identity of Jesus Christ stands at the center of both Christian and Islamic…

Jesus Christ as God: The Truth, the Way, and the Life

Christological Issues386 words2 min

Jesus Christ as God: The Truth, the Way, and the Life _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Jesus Christ, according to the Gospel of…

Jesus’ Death in the Qur’an and Ḥadīth — A Scholarly Challenge to the Denial

Christological Issues1,548 words8 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba — Shimba Theological Institute Abstract. Many Muslims assert that ʿĪsā (Jesus) was neither killed nor crucified, citing Qurʾān…

Ex-Muslims Turning to Christ: A Global Spiritual Awakening

Christological Issues332 words2 min

Ex-Muslims Turning to Christ: A Global Spiritual Awakening Across the world today, we are witnessing a remarkable spiritual movement—thousands of…

Eli, Eli, Lama Sabachthani: A Theological Defense of Jesus’ Fulfillment of Psalm 22, Not Forgetfulness

Christological Issues1,548 words8 min

Shimba Theological Institute Review Volume 3, Issue 2 (2025) Author: Dr. Maxwell Shimba Affiliation: Shimba Theological Institute, Orlando, Florida…

Jesus Is Not Just a Prophet. Muslims, Do Not Deceive Yourselves!!

Christological Issues468 words2 min

Jesus Is Not Just a Prophet. Muslims, Do Not Deceive Yourselves!! _By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute_ Today I went to Minneapolis…

Jesus Is the Real One: A Critical Theological Analysis of the Islamic Isa bin Maryam

Christological Issues897 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological Institute Abstract This article examines the theological divergence between the Biblical Jesus Christ—the…

The Apostolic Witness to the Divinity of Christ: A Theological Response to Islamic Criticism

Christological Issues496 words2 min

The Apostolic Witness to the Divinity of Christ: A Theological Response to Islamic Criticism By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute A…

Mr. Kim—often regarded as one of the most intelligent people in the world—affirm the lordship and divinity of Jesus Christ

Christological Issues361 words2 min

It is commendable that Mr. Kim, widely regarded as one of the most intelligent individuals alive, publicly affirms that Jesus Christ is God. As…

Isa Ibn Maryam as the Spirit of Allah

Christological Issues693 words3 min

Isa Ibn Maryam as the Spirit of Allah: A Theological Examination from the Qur'an By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Servant of Jesus Christ, Our Great God (Titus…

WHY IS THERE NO HEALING POWER IN ISLAM? YET IN CHRISTIANITY, PEOPLE ARE HEALED IN THE NAME OF JESUS?

Christological Issues1,236 words6 min

WHY IS THERE NO HEALING POWER IN ISLAM? YET IN CHRISTIANITY, PEOPLE ARE HEALED IN THE NAME OF JESUS? By Dr. Maxwell Shimba Shimba Theological…

The Confusion in the Qur’an Between Maryam, Sister of Aaron, and Mary, the Mother of Jesus

Christological Issues1,049 words5 min

The Confusion in the Qur’an Between Maryam, Sister of Aaron, and Mary, the Mother of Jesus By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute…

Jesus’ Claim to Divinity: An Academic and Scholarly Analysis

Christological Issues939 words5 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract The divinity of Jesus Christ is one of the central doctrines of historic Christianity…

JESUS AS THE SON OF GOD: WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

Christological Issues1,203 words6 min

Introduction One of the most frequently asked questions by Islamic scholars and adherents is: 1. How can Jesus be the Son of God? 2. How can God have…

Is Jesus God? A Comparative Theological Study of the Bible and the Quran

Christological Issues1,048 words5 min

_By Dr. Maxwell Shimba | Shimba Theological Institute_ Abstract This article offers a critical and comparative theological examination of the…

“Jesus the Son, Not a Slave: A Theological Refutation of Islamic Claims”

Christological Issues1,030 words5 min

Title: IF JESUS’ SUBMISSION TO HIS FATHER MAKES HIM A MUSLIM, THEN WHO IS ALLAH’S SON? Author: Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute…

Jesus Is the Christ — The Beginning of Christianity

Christological Issues659 words3 min

Muslim friends often attempt to frame Jesus (Isa in Islam) as merely a prophet in a long line of prophets, subordinate to Muhammad, and a Muslim in…

Between Jesus and Allah — Who Is Truly Al-Ba’ith (الباعث), "The Resurrection"?

Christological Issues677 words3 min

An Important Question: Who Is the True _Al-Ba’ith_? One critical question that every seeker of truth must ask is this: 👉 Between Jesus and Allah,…

Between Jesus and Allah — Who Is Truly Al-Ba’ith (الباعث), "The Resurrection"?

Christological Issues547 words3 min

One critical question every seeker of truth should ask is this: Between Jesus and Allah, who first identified Himself as _Al-Ba’ith_ —"The…

Does the Qur’an Command the Worship of Jesus?

Christological Issues739 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction The relationship between Jesus (the Messiah, son of Mary) and Allah in Islamic…

JESUS IS JEHOVAH: A Comparative Academic and Theological Analysis

Christological Issues1,585 words8 min

The identification of Jesus as Jehovah (Yahweh)—the God of Israel—stands at the heart of historic Christian belief. However, this claim is highly…

The Divine Identity of Jesus Christ: An Intertextual Theological Analysis of Forgiveness and the Incarnation

Christological Issues1,039 words5 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Introduction The question of Jesus Christ's divinity occupies a central position in Christian…

Jesus as God the Creator: A Theological Analysis in Light of Quranic and Biblical Witness

Christological Issues849 words4 min

Introduction The doctrine of Christ’s divinity stands as the cornerstone of Christian theology. One of the most profound attributes of divinity,…

JESUS IS GOD “AL-WARITH” ACCORDING TO THE QURAN

Christological Issues525 words3 min

Dear reader, Does Jesus possess the unique attributes of God according to the Quran? Let us begin our study by reading the Quran to see for ourselves…

Jesus Explicitly Confesses His Divinity: An Academic Theological Analysis

Christological Issues743 words4 min

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute A recurring challenge presented by Muslim interlocutors is the claim that Jesus never explicitly…

Where Was Allah When Jesus Called God "Father"?

Christological Issues1,162 words6 min

A Theological Challenge to the Islamic Conception of God By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute Abstract The term “Father” as used by…

Refuting the Muslim Denial of Jesus’ Divinity: A Scholarly Affirmation of Christ’s Godhood

Christological Issues1,171 words6 min

Introduction A recurring objection among Muslim apologists is that the Bible, according to their selective citations, allegedly denies the divinity…

Where Are the Names of the Disciples of Isa bin Maryam in the Quran?

Christological Issues742 words4 min

Where Are the Names of the Disciples of Isa bin Maryam in the Quran? An Academic Challenge to Islam, Allah, and the Quran By Dr. Maxwell Shimba,…

The Deity of Truth: A Theological Critique of the Islamic Concept of Allah as a “Deceiver”

Christological Issues1,258 words6 min

_Shimba Theological Institute_ Introduction Throughout history, the nature and character of God have been central to the world’s great monotheistic…

A Comparative Theological Analysis: The Omnipotence of Jesus Christ and the Qur’anic Limitation of Allah in the Parable of the Camel and the Needle’s Eye

Christological Issues1,017 words5 min

Title: A Comparative Theological Analysis: The Omnipotence of Jesus Christ and the Qur’anic Limitation of Allah in the Parable of the Camel and the…

Christological Issues